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在畢業(yè)論文中有著起到非常重要作用的就是畢業(yè)論文致謝了，那么你們知道畢業(yè)論文致謝英文應(yīng)該怎么撰寫嗎？下面是學(xué)術(shù)參考網(wǎng)小編為朋友們搜集整理的畢業(yè)論文致謝英文，希望可以幫到你~
Acknowledgements
MydeepestgratitudegoesfirstandforemosttoProfessoraaa，mysupervisor，forherconstantencouragementandguidance.Shehaswalkedmethroughallthestagesofthewritingofthisthesis.Withoutherconsistentandilluminatinginstruction，thisthesiscouldnothavereacheditspresentform.
Second，IwouldliketoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetoProfessoraaa，wholedmeintotheworldoftranslation.IamalsogreatlyindebtedtotheprofessorsandteachersattheDepartmentofEnglish：Professordddd，Professorssss，whohaveinstructedandhelpedmealotinthepasttwoyears.
Lastmythankswouldgotomybelovedfamilyfortheirlovingconsiderationsandgreatconfidenceinmeallthroughtheseyears.Ialsoowemysinceregratitudetomyfriendsandmyfellowclassmateswhogavemetheirhelpandtimeinlisteningtomeandhelpingmeworkoutmyproblemsduringthedifficultcourseofthethesis
篇(2)
1.1 Background of this study 1
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students 1
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home 2
1.4 The significance of the study 2
2. Literature Review 4
2.1 Definition of learning strategies 4
2.2 Classification of learning strategies 5
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies 6
2.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies 8
3. The methodology 10
3.1 The subjects 10
3.2 Instruments 10
3.3 Data collection 11
3.4 Data analysis 11
4. Results and discussion 16
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies 16
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. 16
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors 17
5. Conclusion 19
Acknowledgements 20
References 21
Appendices 23
1. Introduction
In this part, four sections are included. There are background of this study, the current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students, overview of the Internet development in China and the significance of the study.
1.1 Background of this study
With the fast development of society and the increasing openness to the world, the demands to communicate in English have been expanded to a large degree. College students are required to have a good competence in speaking before entering the society. But the fact is that the actual competence of college students in speaking is far from being satisfactory. It is necessary for us to improve the awareness of using strategies.
In the field of language learning and teaching over the last few decades, a prominent shift has taken place, resulting in great emphasis on learners and learning rather than teachers and teaching. The study of learning strategies has seen an “explosion of activity”. [1]105 In recent years although the history of research into speaking learning strategies is not very long, the study on speaking learning strategies can provide students with valuable suggestions on how to improve oral English in terms of accuracy, fluency, and complexity. Almost 15 researchers abroad have studied on speaking learning strategies. In China, Huang Xiaohua and Chen Sijin have done a great contribution to studies on speaking leaning strategies.
Nowadays, the development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks have deeply influenced people’s life, also the language study. However, there are still few researches on the web-based speaking learning strategies. The thesis attempts to make a study on web-based speaking learning strategies.
1.2 The current situation in oral English learning of non-English major students
In China, the teaching of English as a foreign language has been greatly influenced by the traditional education system. The traditional way still pay much attention to the examinations in schools, including colleges and universities either, rather than the application of language. Linguistic form is always the focus of both textbooks and language tests. Besides, under this model, one teacher is always in charge of many students in one class, so the teacher becomes the center of the class and there is little chance for the students to practice oral English. The English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-imparting” process and the English language learning is seen as a “knowledge-receiving’ process. Therefore, there is a misleading that English learners are regarded as passive recipients and do not need any initiative.
According to the investigation by Shi in 2000, college graduates who have strong speaking ability only account for 5%; those who are very weak in speaking account for 37%; those who are competent in international conference discussions account for 7% and those who are competent in foreign trade negotiations account for 14%. In spite of the fact that college students have a long history of learning English, the critical situation still not shift and the ability for the college students to speak English is far from satisfactory.
1.3 Overview of the development of web-based study at home
With the rapid development of computer science and technology and the prevalence of networks, people’s life has been influenced. According to “Survey Report on Internet Development in China” provided by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) in January 2007, study is the fourth main goal following getting entertained, making friends and getting resources. In English Learning Teaching, Multi-media Means have been also applied. No one can ignore the great influence of the Internet on people’s daily life, including English study. A lot of people have made full use of the Internet for English study, such as reading or listening global news, watching America or Europe movies or TV series, taking part in chatting rooms for English study, making frien ds from other countries online, etc.
Web-based study can make learning anytime, anywhere available, thereby providing the possibility for lifelong learning. It also changes the relationship between teachers and students and provides increased access to study. Besides, web-based study is a good way to improve the student's critical thinking and analytical skills. [2]245
1.4 The significance of the study
With the development of global integration and the increased frequency of international communication, new and higher requirements in English study are put forward for college students. Gradually, more and more non-English major students realize the importance of oral English study and try to find out ways to improve their own oral English to a higher level. However, due to the influence of traditional teaching methods, long-time examination-oriented concept and ignorance to oral English in people’s mind, the current situation of college students, especially non-English major students, in oral English is far from being optimistic. From 1960s, language researchers home and abroad have focused on the relationship between oral English study and learning strategies and made deep study on speaking learning strategies.
What’s more, the Internet and computer science has played a more and more important role in people’s life and influenced language learning further. It is evidently an admirable thing, but there is little guidance to the English study online. The study on web-based learning strategies is few, even the study on web-based speaking learning strategies is almost blank. Therefore, this paper chooses a certain amount of non-English major students in ZUST, and studies their present situation or problems during using speaking learning strategies online, hoping to help them to find a suitable way to study online and finally achieve the ultimate goal of improving oral English.
2. Literature Review
In this part, four topics are discussed respectively. They are: definition of learning strategies, classification of learning strategies, studies on speaking learning strategies, factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies.
2.1 Definition of learning strategies
In most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. The general definition of learning strategies is “mental or behavior activity related to some specific stage in the overall process of language acquisition or language use.” [3]154 In the short history of researches on learning strategies, lots of researches abroad gave definition of learning strategies from perspective of their study. Here are some.
Weinstein and Mayer insist that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning. Learning strategies are intended to influence the learner’s encoding process. 54 The researchers above all think learning strategies are actions useful to language learning but differ in the way learning strategies work.
In 1990, Cohen defines learning strategies as learning processes which are consciously selected by the learners. The element of choice is important here because this is what gives a strategy its special character. These are also moves which the learners are at least partially aware of, even if full attention is not being given to them. 78
In addition, Tarone defines language strategies as “an attempt to develop linguistic and sociolinguistic competence in target language –to incorporate these into one’s interlanguage competence.” [11]65-66 Stern gives the definition as “best reserved for general tendencies or overall characteristic of the approach employed by the language learner, leaving techniques as the term to refer to particular forms of observable learning behavior.& rdquo; [12]57-58
2.2 Classification of learning strategies
2.2.1 Classification of learning strategies abroad
Learning strategies have been classified by many scholars. However, most of these studies do not differ much with each other. Here are three typical classifications:
In the classification of O’Malley and Chamots, there are 3 major types of strategies, namely, cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies and social/affective strategies. [13]155 O’Malley and Chamot make the classification depending on the level or type of processing involved. The disadvantage of O’Malley and Chamot’s classification is that it has difficulties in its application because the definition of each strategies item seems to be a little vague.
The classification scheme provided by Oxford is believed to be the most comprehensive classification to date. Oxford divided language strategies into two major groups, namely, direct strategies and indirect strategies. [14]54-55
1) Direct strategies: Memory strategies, Cognitive strategies, Compensation strategies.
2) Indirect strategies: Meta-cognitive strategies, Social strategies, Affective strategies.
The classification by Oxford has been widely used and accepted.
Cohen, in his work Strategies in Learning and Using a Second Language divided learners’ strategies into two types: language learning strategies and language using strategies. [15]124 Cohen’s classification seems clear and easy to understand, but it is difficult to tell whether it is for language learning or for language use. Besides, his study did not pay attention to meta-cognitive strategies, while many researchers believe that meta-cognitive strategies are one of the most important strategies to language learning.
2.2.2 Classification of learning strategies in China
As we know, in most of the studies, speaking learning strategies are not separated from learning strategies. In China, many researchers have made great contribution to learning strategies. In order to have a good understanding of learning strategies, many researchers focus on the classification of learning strategies. Cheng& Zhen and Wen are two prominent researchers.
Cheng& Zhen put forward two classification schemes. The first one is based on the role that strategies play in the learning process. There are cognitive strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and communicative strategies. The second one is based on areas of language knowledge and skills. There are strategies for learning pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and strategies for developing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. [16]56
Wen draws a complete system for language learning strategies. In this system, language learning strategies are divided into two categories: the beliefs about language learning and the learning strategies. The former concerns a learner’s viewpoint about how to learn a foreign language, and these beliefs decide the learning strategies one uses. The latter is subdivided into two groups: management skills and learning skills. Management skills are usually related to the language materials, including making study plans, evaluating one’s progress, measuring and modulating one’s affective state and so on; while learning skills generally include how to acquire the abilities in listening, speaking, reading and writing, how to deal with new words, how to learn pronunciation and so on. [17]54
2.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies
2.3.1 Nature of oral English
Oral English is different from written English in many ways. Oral English is usually not pre-organized and neat as written English. The sentence in oral English is usually shorter, even not completed or simpler, sometimes wrong in grammar. Also, we can find that oral English is always much up-dated and could express speaker’s ideals by tones of voice, intonation and stress.
The words are being spoken as they are being decided and as they are being understood. Once spoken, they are gone. While the reader can reread, the listener can have memory problems that will lead to misunderstandings or a request for a repetition. Furthermore, the listener may miss a part of what was said, perhaps through noise, or a moment’s distraction. [18]85
2.3.2 Studies on speaking learning strategies abroad
With the further study of learning strategies, some researchers have made detailed study on speaking learning strategies. Speaking strategies, which are closely related to strategies as in McDonugh’s review, turned out to be a focus among researchers of SLA. L2 researchers on speaking strategies were always divided into two camps:
1) Socio-linguistically orientated researchers, such as Tarone, who considered such strategies as social interaction.
2) Psycho-linguistically orientated researchers, represented by Faerch and Kasper, who recognized them as part of a planning process.
Through employing the me thodology of interpreting transcripts of learners’ language，the two camps set a destination of ascertaining various lists of possible strategies available to L2 learners, which were separately described by Poulisse and Bialystok. [19]78-79
The most comprehensive project into speaking strategies was conducted at the University of Nijmegen by Kellerman, Bongaerts, and Poulisse in the 1980s. In these studies by the Nijmegen group, verbal report and other methods were used for investigating the situation of the use of L2 speaking strategies, especially those used in compensating for gaps in communicative ability.
O’Malley and Chamot conducted an empirical interventionist study, which “is one of the most comprehensive studies of learner strategies to date”. [20]65 After the test, the members who were given precise and clear training in meta-cognitive，cognitive，and social strategies and affective strategies improved significantly more than the controlled group.
Cohen, Weaver and Li investigated the effects of a range of speaking strategies on three tasks performed by university foreign language students: a self-description, a story retelling, and a description of a favorite city at University of Minnesota. In 2000, there are also three major studies reviewed by Cohen, which dealt with training of speaking strategies, founded on the categorization of speaking strategies. One study was conducted with a survey of 122 first-year and fourth-year students in the English Department at an Egyptian university，half students receiving the treatment and half in the controlled group. A second study involved 60 undergraduates in compulsory English for Arts Student course. 75
2.3.3 Studies on speaking learning strategies at home
From the early 1980s, researchers in China began to pay more and more attention to speaking learning strategies. A thesis named “An investigation of learning strategies in colloquial communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ” was accomplished by Huang Xiaohua in 1984. In 1985, Huang Xiaohua took a further research on relationship between speaking strategies and speaking proficiency among seniors of English major in Guangzhou Foreign Language Institute. They found that the use of learning strategies was relative to increased language achievement or proficiency and learning strategies had been firmly affirmed to play an active role in language learning. [23]287-307
In 1990, Chen Siqing Published “A study of communication strategies in interlanguage production by Chinese EFL learners” in an international magazine—Language Learning. In the study, the frequency, type and efficiency of using communication strategies by twelve students of foreign language majors were observed and described. [24]24-26
2.3.4 Factors of influencing the choice of speaking learning strategies
During the recent studies on learning strategies, many researchers have found that the use of speaking learning strategies is affected by many factors. And the most common factors are age, language proficiency, learning style, learning beliefs, gender, motivation and culture.
1) Age has been found to affect the use of oral English strategies. Older learners often use complex, sophisticated strategies. Young children respond more readily and intuitively to language “acquisition” in social and communicative situations, while older learners can learn language more steadily by means of cognitive and academic approaches. [25]154
2) L2 proficiency Bialystock found that functional practice correlated significantly with second language proficiency in tenth graders, whereas functional practice, formal practice, and monitoring were related to L2 proficiency in twelfth graders. [26]25
3) Learning styles also affect the choice of L2 learning strategies. Learning styles make a big difference in choosing learning strategies or the learning behavior of an individual.
4) Learning beliefs, as researchers, Weden, Horwitz; Abranham and Vann; Gerardo; Pedro; Yang, suggested, play an important role in dictating the use of learning strategies.
5) Gender differences in the use of learning strategies are indicated by several studies of Oxford and Nyikos, Oxford and Green, Kaylani e.
6) Motivation is also important in successful second language learning. Gardner, D. & L. Miller are typical researchers. Schumann, Oxford and Nyikos, Ehrman and Oxford, Okada also concern much about motivation and learning strategies.
7) Culture may play an important role in shaping particular learning behaviors, as some researchers indicated. Researchers such as O’Malley, Politzer and McGroa try, Scarcella, Carson, Hino, Kohn, Carson and Nelson, Levine, Reves and Leaver and Parry make researches on it. [27]85
3. The methodology
The study was conducted to investigate the current situation of speaking learning strategies used by students from non-English majors who have oral English study online by means of questionnaire survey. The whole chapter is composed of the following components: the subjects, the instruments, data collection, data analysis.
3.1 The subjects
3.1.1 Purpose
The major purposes of the study are: 1) to study the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online; 2) to find out the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies; 3) to identify the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level; 4) to point out that the positive use of speaking learning strategies online is helpful to the improvement of oral English.
3.1.2 Participants
The participants are 107 college students of non-English major in ZUST. They are from different majors and are respectively from science and arts. And also, they are from different grades of different levels.
3.2 Instruments
The questionnaire has been used to gather information on the speaking learning strategies used by students of non-English major who have oral English study online. The students are required to finish the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The questionnaire contains 30 questions, concluding 6 questions about meta-cognitive strategies, 4 questions about cognitive strategies, 6 questions about memory strategies, 4 questions about compensation strategies, 5 questions about affective strategies, and 5 questions about social strategies. It uses five scales ranging from A (“never”) to E (“always”). The latter letter indicates a more frequent use of the Internet or strategies. The first part of the survey questionnaire is for the status of using the Internet for oral English study in ZUST. The second part focuses on the use of six types of strategies. The detailed reflection of different speaking learning strategies used in oral English study online can be represented as below: 1) memory strategies, such as setting up nets of relationships, making use of image and sound, reviewing, acting and so on; 2) cognitive strategies, such as practicing, receiving, and conveying information, analyzing and inferring, setting up rules for inputting and output information; 3) compensation strategies, such as guessing, overcoming deficiencies of language knowledge in speaking and writing; 4) meta-cognitive strategies, such as focusing on key points of learning, arranging and planning learning, evaluating learning; 5) affective strategies, such as lowering anxiety, encouraging oneself, learning about one’s own state of affect; 6) social strategies, such as enquiring about questions, cooperating with others, sympathizing others. The questionnaire is in Chinese, in order to make the participants understand the items better.
3.3 Data collection
The students majoring in science, especially the students majoring in engineering and students majoring in arts of business trade and humanity in ZUST, take part in this survey. The survey conducted during a week in April in 2010. There are different methods or procedures to collect the data in the researches of speaking learning strategies, such as observation, interview, questionnaire, verbal report, diary, etc. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages as well. But considering time-saving principal and the conception of building an environmental society, this survey is made online. During this period, we contact 3 students majoring in engineering in ZUST and then other students to take part in the survey. The students are required to answer the questionnaire in 10 minutes. The participants are advised not to be so bad in English to guarantee the quality of the survey. Then the data will undergo descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistics indicate the average level of the use of speaking learning strategies, the difference between two sets of scores, such as the relationship between some learners’ factors and the use of speaking learning strategies, such as gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency, and the possibility and reliability of the data.
3.4 Data analysis
This paper analyzes the data collected in the research. Section one indicates the frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies during oral English study online. Section two shows the differences in the frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies. Section three provides the differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors including gender, major, personality, self-rated proficiency level. For the convenience of calculating, A (“never&rd quo;) to E (“always”) in the questionnaire count 1-5 scores gradually. And all use mean and Std. Deviation to make a contrast between each other and check the possibility of the results.
3.4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
Table 3.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in real life
Category Online In real life
Overall strategies 2.50 4.02
Memory strategies 2.30 4.33
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.04
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.83
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 3.12
Affective strategies 2.19 3.03
Social strategies 2.24 4.08
The table 3.1 above shows the mean scores of the use of speaking learning strategies online and in the real life respectively. It is clearly that the frequency of the overall use of speaking learning online only accounts 2.50, greatly lower than that in the real life, which holds 4.02. Besides, the respective scores of the use of different speaking learning strategies are relatively lower than that in the real life.
3.4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Table 3.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies
Category Mean Std. Deviation
Memory strategies 2.30 2.29
Cognitive strategies 2.57 3.33
Compensation strategies 2. 82 4.91
Meta-cognitive strategies 2. 53 5.18
Affective strategies 2.19 3.43
Social strategies 2.24 3.07
The table 3.2 above shows the mean scores and std. deviation of the use of different speaking learning strategies online. As the survey shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used by students are compensation strategies, which accounts for 2.82. The latter two are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies, which accounts for 2.57 and 2.53 respectively. Affective strategies only have 2.19, which are comparatively low to the overall level.
3.4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
3.4.3.1 Use of the speaking strategies by different gender
Table 3.3 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different gender
Category Male Female
Overall strategies 2.33 2.67
Memory strategies 2.28 2.32
Cognitive strategies 2.53 2.61
Compensation strategies 2.51 2.55
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.49 2.57
Affective strategies 2.18 2.20
Social strategies 2.21 2.27
From table 3.3, we can see that there is no big significant difference in using memory strategies, cognitive strategies, compensation strategies, meta-cognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies between different genders. The overall strategies used by females hold 2.67, higher than 2.33 for males. The use of learning strategies by females is more frequent than the males. Also, the scores of respective speaking learning strategies by the females are always higher than the males.
3.4.3.2 Use of the speaking strategies by different majors
Table 3.4 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different major
Category Science Arts
Overall strategies 2.36 2.64
Memory strategies 2.25 2.35
Cognitive strategies 2.51 2.63
Compensation strategies 2.59 2.47
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.31 2.33
Affective strategies 2.15 2.23
Social strategies 2.19 2.29
From table 3.4, the overall use of speaking learning strategies by students from arts occupies 2.64, while the use of those from science occupies 2.36. The students from arts use speaking learning strategies a little more frequent than those of the science. Also, this contrast between males and females can be seen by the scores of each speaking learning strategies in the table3.4.
3.4.3.3 Use of the speaking strategies by different personalities
Table 3.5 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies by different personality
Category Extroverted Introverted
Overall strategies 2.50 2.42
Memory strategies 2.27 2.33
Cognitive strategies 2.58 2.56
Compensation strategies 2.56 2.50
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.28 2.34
Affective strategies 2.19 2.17
Social strategies 2.26 2.21
From table 3.5, the scores of the extroverted students and the introverted students are near the same. And it is not fixed that the scores of the extroverted ones are higher than the introverted ones by each strategies. The score of memory strategies by the introverted occupies 2.33, 0.05 higher than the extroverted. Also, we can see that the score of the meta-cognitive strategies by the introverted is 0.06 higher. There is no big difference in the use of the speaking strategies with different personality, but normally the speaking learning strategies used by the outgoing and confident students are more frequent, especially social strategies, affective strategies and compensation strategies.
3.4.3.4 The use of the speaking strategies by different self-rated proficiency levels
Table 3.6 Frequency of the use of speaking Learning
strategies by different self-rated proficiency level
Category High Medium Low
Overall strategies 2.53 1.61 0.89
Memory strategies 1.84 1.71 1.12
Cognitive strategies 2.19 1.97 0.98
Compe nsation strategies 1.51 1.57 1.90
Meta-cognitive strategies 2.57 1.63 0.83
Affective strategies 2.83 1.88 0.67
Social strategies 2.11 1.54 0.83
In this part, students are divided into three groups by self-rated proficiency level, namely, high, medium and low. Table 3.6 clearly shows that the strategies used by the participants are significantly and positively related to their proficiency level. The good students with higher-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and relatively the students with low-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In addition, the compensation is often used by the ones who are relatively weak in English, which occupy 1.9 point in the table 3.6.
4. Results and discussion
4.1 Frequency of the use of speaking learning strategies
As the survey shows, the overall use of speaking learning strategies online is still low. The possible reason should be:
First, the college students have not thought high of or even realized the great potential and function of the net to learning. Although the Internet can capture students’ attention easily, it is not often used for study. Students are used to and willing to study in class or by textbooks or homework.
Second, even though a part of students realized the value of Internet to study, they do not know how to study. The further negative effect is that they lose the interest in oral English practicing easily. This may need the teachers to guide them and enlighten their mind with fleshing ideas, innovation and updated rich information about the ways to practice oral English on the Internet.
Third, there is no admirable and pleasant atmosphere for web-based study. As nearly all the students live in the dormitory, they are easily affected by each other. So, an environment full of interaction is advocated. The teachers or the students themselves could build some forums, unions or study groups to arise the atmosphere of study.
The last but not the least, the Internet has so much temptation to allure the students to have some entertainment. So, the Internet itself may reduce the speaking learning use. Students are always weak in self-motivated learning ability and ability to study independently online. As to this, the students themselves should pay more efforts on it.
4.2 Frequency of the use of different speaking learning strategies.
From the data we can see that the most frequent speaking learning strategy used by students online is the compensation strategies. This may be the reason that the average oral English level of non-English major students is not high and a big amount of them is low. When they could not understand what the other talks about during the conversation, they will ask them to repeat or slow down the speed. Since the storage of their vocabulary is limited, when they could not remind of the words or sentences needed, they will choose other words or sentences to replace these words or sentences. And when they could not express themselves clearly, they will try to give examples to elaborate it.
The lower ones to compensation strategies in the survey are cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies. It is gratified that students have an identifying goal of study in English learning and they also take advantage of the Internet resources under a pleasant condition by watching America movie or TV series or listening VOA, BBC, etc. They also try to seek the better way to improve oral English and have the ability to make arrangements.
Affective strategies, memory strategies and social strategies are comparatively lower in the data. Students are easy to be depressed about their oral English and sometimes have the thought to let it be. When confronted with new words on movies, TV series, websites, chatting online, etc, students will not write them down or try to find their meanings. Social strategies could contribute much but are limited by the traditional study habits online. Students have not formed the habits to practice English by e-mails, chatting rooms or other methods online.
4.3 Differences in the use of speaking learning strategies by speakers with different factors
As we can see from the use of the speaking strategies by different genders, majors, personality, and self-rated proficiency level above, English learning factors do affect the oral learning inline.
As to the gender, females pay more attention to the use of speaking learning strategies and have more talents in language learning. Female students are not engaged in many entertainments such as games, etc. But both males and females should make best use of the advantages and bypass the disadvantages
As to the major, the scores of the students majoring in arts are conspicuously superior to the students majoring in science. The thinking pattern and the advantage of sharing emotion and social practice of the students majoring in art makes them superior in the use of speaking learning strategies, while the students majoring in science pay much on the technologies and data than language itself.
As to personality, the extroverted ones gain much. The extroverted personality always represents confident, outgoing and communicating or sharing much with others. The confident and outgoing ones always have a higher self-rated proficiency. If one is more confident and outgoing, then he or she will pay more efforts on how to improve oral English and gain more opportunity to have a communication with others.
As to self-rated proficiency, it is clear that the students with higher self-rated proficiency level use more speaking learning strategies and the students with lower self-rated proficiency level use less speaking learning strategies. In turn, the ones who use varied speaking learning strategies more frequently can always achieve better outcomes in oral English. But as the Internet is only one assisting tool to oral English learning, so, we can not say that it is definitely a deciding factor. But it is sure that frequent use of strategies do contributes to the results of the oral English learning.
At present, however, not too many students regard the speaking learning strategies important, and have not formed a good study mode online. So, I would like to bring up some advice for reference: 1)lowering anxiety and practicing step by step; 2)preparing and planning for using speaking learning strategies; 3)selecting and using proper and suitable strategies for yourself; 4)summarizing your oral study and making adjustments accordingly; 5)going outside and practicing more and more. How to get rid of the barriers of the negative factors and make full use of the positive ones is a wise but a difficult thing. Also, to make full use of the Internet in study and put the speaking learning strategies into the oral English study online are meaningful but still a long way.
5. Conclusion
The above discussion of study and research is by no means comprehensive but it deserves our study.
Nowadays, Internet is an interesting and fashionable thing to us. It has attracted our eyeballs for a long time and occupied plenty of our time as well. The introduction of Internet brings new vigor to teaching and learning process, but it also tends to be inefficient during the study. Thus, the frequency of using speaking learning strategies online is low. This requires the proper use of speaking learning strategies and efforts by the students.
As the study shows, the most frequent speaking learning strategies used online is compensation strategies. It may after all be accepted as a good way to circumvent the weakness in oral English, but not a good and long-time way to improve oral English level. Other strategies do deserve to use and have some requirements to the learners: the use of cognitive strategies and meta-cognitive strategies requires learners know how to make arrangements for study and have the ability to self-control during the study online. The study of affective strategies shows that an enterprising and perseverant mind is advocated in practicing oral English. Memory strategies request the learners to be more diligent and hardworking to English study. At last, the social strategies are functional and demand the students to explore more gateways of practicing oral English online.
It is evident that learners’ factors can easily affect the use of speaking learning strategies online and some factors can not be changed at once. But, if the learners could foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, and absorb the shining points from the others, there will be a new look of oral English learning.
Speaking learning strategies is by no means helpful to the improvement of oral English, although this paper could not give affirmative support to it. But we can see that the good learners always use speaking learning strategies more frequently.
All in all, it is greatly expected that the learners could make full use of the website and speaking learning strategies during the study online and there will be a better atmosphere of practicing oral English online in the future.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Louqing, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Yangxue, Chenliang, Fanyanlong, wangbo and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
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Appendices
浙江科技學(xué)院非英語專業(yè)大學(xué)生網(wǎng)上英語口語學(xué)習(xí)策略調(diào)查問卷
一、個(gè)人簡況
姓名:
性別: A 男 B女
科別： A 理工科 B文科
你的性格特征： A內(nèi)向 B外向
你認(rèn)為你目前的英語綜合水平： A很差 B一般 C優(yōu)秀
二、網(wǎng)上英語口語學(xué)習(xí)策略調(diào)查
（元認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）
1、我尋求好的網(wǎng)上口語練習(xí)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
2、上網(wǎng)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，我能把握上網(wǎng)學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間和內(nèi)容。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
3、對于如何上網(wǎng)提高英語口語能力，在不同時(shí)期，我有明確的目標(biāo)。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
4、我總在尋求更好的口語學(xué)習(xí)方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
5、我思考和評價(jià)自己的上網(wǎng)學(xué)習(xí)方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）
7、我瀏覽各種英文網(wǎng)站、聽英文錄音VOA,BBC,. etc及看英文視頻等，聽和練習(xí)口語。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
8、在用英語聊天時(shí)，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
9、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時(shí)，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調(diào)及用詞。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
10、聽VOA,BBC，. etc 或歐美劇等英文視頻時(shí)，我會小聲跟著說。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（記憶策略使用情況調(diào)查）
11、我反復(fù)觀看喜歡的歐美劇，以便加深印象。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
12、記單詞時(shí)， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關(guān)詞匯。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
13、在英文網(wǎng)站上遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
15、我把上網(wǎng)遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
16、我用金山詞霸等網(wǎng)上字典在線查找生詞的意義及用法。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（補(bǔ)償策略使用情況調(diào)查）
17、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時(shí)， 我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
18、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時(shí)， 當(dāng)不懂對方所言時(shí)，會請求對方重復(fù)或放慢語速。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
19、QQ聊或聊天室語音等方式交流時(shí)， 當(dāng)與別人交談時(shí)想不起某個(gè)詞 時(shí)， 我會使用同義詞（組）。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
20、當(dāng)不能表達(dá)自己時(shí)， 我會舉例等方式進(jìn)行解釋。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（情感策略使用情況調(diào)查）
21、在網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境中害怕別人發(fā)現(xiàn)你英語方面的不足嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
22、為了把口語說好，我經(jīng)常自我鼓勵(lì)。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
23、說英語緊張時(shí)， 我會想辦法消除它。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
24、上網(wǎng)學(xué)習(xí)英語后，我的學(xué)習(xí)興趣提高了。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
25、我會與家人、同學(xué)、老師等探討口語學(xué)習(xí)的感受
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（社交策略使用情況調(diào)查）
26、用英語寫郵件或聊天時(shí)，我請對方糾正我的錯(cuò)誤。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
27、通過網(wǎng)上交流很容易在學(xué)習(xí)上和同學(xué)結(jié)成朋友。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
28、必要時(shí)，交談借助手勢、表情等進(jìn)行表達(dá)。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
29、交談時(shí)，我把精力放在意思表達(dá)上。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
30、在口語表達(dá)時(shí)，我直接向?qū)Ψ奖硎咀约河龅嚼щy，向?qū)Ψ綄で髱椭?/p>
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
浙江科技學(xué)院非英語專業(yè)大學(xué)生非網(wǎng)絡(luò)狀態(tài)下英語口語學(xué)習(xí)策略調(diào)查問卷
（元認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）
1、我尋求好的網(wǎng)上口語練習(xí)的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
2、學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)，我能把握學(xué)習(xí)的時(shí)間和內(nèi)容。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
3、對于如何提高英語口語能力，在不同時(shí)期，我有明確的目標(biāo)。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
4、我總在尋求更好的口語學(xué)習(xí)方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
5、我思考和評價(jià)自己的學(xué)習(xí)方法從而找出存在的問題和解決方法。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
6、在說話前， 我先把想說的話組織好再說。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（認(rèn)知策略使用情況調(diào)查）
7、我參加有利于英語提高的活動，聽和練習(xí)口語。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
8、在用英語聊天時(shí)，我會猜想對方下一句會說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
9、聽英語時(shí)，我會模仿其說話方式、語音語調(diào)及用詞。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
10、聽英語時(shí)，我會小聲跟著說。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（記憶策略使用情況調(diào)查）
11、我反復(fù)朗讀喜歡的英語文章，以便加深印象。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
12、記單詞時(shí)， 我會想到同根的詞或近義詞、反義詞等相關(guān)詞匯。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
13、遇到新單詞我就猜它的意思。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
14、一遇到生詞就查字典嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
15、我把遇到的生詞記在單詞本上。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
16、我會努力查找生詞的意義及用法。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（補(bǔ)償策略使用情況調(diào)查）
17、英語聊天時(shí)，我會努力猜測TA接下去將說什么。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
18、英語聊天時(shí)，當(dāng)不懂對方所言時(shí)，會請求對方重復(fù)或放慢語速。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
19、英語聊天時(shí)， 當(dāng)與別人交談時(shí)想不起某個(gè)詞時(shí)， 我會使用同義詞（組）。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
20、當(dāng)不能表達(dá)自己時(shí)， 我會舉例等方式進(jìn)行解釋。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（情感策略使用情況調(diào)查）
21、害怕別人發(fā)現(xiàn)你英語方面的不足嗎?
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
22、為了把口語說好，我經(jīng)常自我鼓勵(lì)。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
23、說英語緊張時(shí)， 我會想辦法消除它。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
24、一番努力學(xué)習(xí)后，我的學(xué)習(xí)興趣提高了。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
25、我會與家人、同學(xué)、老師等探討口語學(xué)習(xí)的感受
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
（社交策略使用情況調(diào)查）
26、用英語聊天時(shí)，我請對方糾正我的錯(cuò)誤。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
27、英語打開新的世界，結(jié)交更多的朋友。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
28、必要時(shí)，交談借助手勢、表情等進(jìn)行表達(dá)。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
29、交談時(shí)，我把精力放在意思表達(dá)上。
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
30、在口語表達(dá)時(shí)，我直接向?qū)Ψ奖硎咀约河龅嚼щy，向?qū)Ψ綄で髱椭?/p>
A從不 B很少 C有時(shí) D經(jīng)常 E總是
謝謝您的合作!
誠 信 承 諾
我謹(jǐn)在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《基于網(wǎng)絡(luò)的英語口語學(xué)習(xí)策略研究》均系本人獨(dú)立完成，沒有抄襲行為，凡涉及其他作者的觀點(diǎn)和材料，均作了注釋，若有不實(shí)，后果由本人承擔(dān)。
篇(3)
為規(guī)范本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫格式，進(jìn)一步保證本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）質(zhì)量，特制定本規(guī)范。
一、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫結(jié)構(gòu)要求
1、題目：應(yīng)簡潔、明確、有概括性，字?jǐn)?shù)不宜超過20個(gè)字。
2、文獻(xiàn)綜述：一般不少于1000字。
3、摘要：要有高度的概括力，語言精練、明確。同時(shí)有中、英文對照，中文摘要約300—400漢字；英文摘要約200—300個(gè)實(shí)詞。
4、關(guān)鍵詞：從論文標(biāo)題或正文中挑選3～5個(gè)最能表達(dá)主要內(nèi)容的詞作為關(guān)鍵詞，同時(shí)有中、英文對照，分別附于中、英文摘要后。
5、目錄：寫出目錄，標(biāo)明頁碼。
6、正文：
（1）畢業(yè)論文正文：包括前言、本論、結(jié)論三個(gè)部分。
前言（引言）是論文的開頭部分，主要說明論文寫作的目的、現(xiàn)實(shí)意義、對所研究問題的認(rèn)識，并提出論文的中心論點(diǎn)等。前言要寫得簡明扼要，篇幅不要太長。
本論是畢業(yè)論文的主體，包括研究內(nèi)容與方法、實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與分析（討論）等。在本部分要運(yùn)用各方面的研究方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，分析問題，論證觀點(diǎn)，盡量反映出自己的科研能力和學(xué)術(shù)水平。
結(jié)論是畢業(yè)論文的收尾部分，是圍繞本論所作的結(jié)束語。其基本的要點(diǎn)就是總結(jié)全文，加深題意。
（2）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書正文包括前言、本論、結(jié)論三個(gè)部分。
前言（引言）：說明本設(shè)計(jì)的目的、意義、范圍及應(yīng)達(dá)到的技術(shù)要求；簡述本課題在國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展概況及存在的問題；本設(shè)計(jì)的指導(dǎo)思想；闡述本設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)解決的主要問題。
本論：
①設(shè)計(jì)方案論證：說明設(shè)計(jì)原理并進(jìn)行方案選擇。說明為什么要選擇這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案（包括各種方案的分析、比較）；闡述所采用方案的特點(diǎn)（如采用了何種新技術(shù)、新措施、提高了什么性能等）。
②計(jì)算部分：這部分在設(shè)計(jì)說明書中應(yīng)占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤Ｒ谐龈髁悴考墓ぷ鳁l件、給定的參數(shù)、計(jì)算公式以及各主要參數(shù)計(jì)算的詳細(xì)步驟和計(jì)算結(jié)果；根據(jù)此計(jì)算應(yīng)選用什么原器件或零部件；對應(yīng)采用計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)還應(yīng)包括各種軟件設(shè)計(jì)。
③結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分：包括機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、各種電氣控制線路設(shè)計(jì)及功能電路設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)控制的硬件裝置設(shè)計(jì)等，以及以上各種設(shè)計(jì)所繪制的圖紙。
④樣機(jī)或試件的各種實(shí)驗(yàn)及測試情況：包括實(shí)驗(yàn)方法、線路及數(shù)據(jù)處理等。
⑤方案的校驗(yàn)：說明所設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)是否滿足各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo)的要求，能否達(dá)到預(yù)期效果。校驗(yàn)的方法可以是理論驗(yàn)算（即反推算），包括系統(tǒng)分析；也可以是實(shí)驗(yàn)測試及計(jì)算機(jī)的上機(jī)運(yùn)算等。
結(jié)論：概括說明設(shè)計(jì)的情況和價(jià)值，分析其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和特色、有何創(chuàng)新、性能達(dá)到何水平，并應(yīng)指出其中存在的問題和今后改進(jìn)的方向。
7、謝辭：簡述自己通過做畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的體會，并應(yīng)對指導(dǎo)教師和協(xié)助完成論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的有關(guān)人員表示謝意。
8、參考文獻(xiàn)：在畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)說明書）末尾要列出在論文（設(shè)計(jì)）中參考過的專著、論文及其他資料，所列參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)按文中參考或引證的先后順序排列。
9、注釋：在論文（設(shè)計(jì)說明書）寫作過程中，有些問題需要在正文之外加以闡述和說明。
10、附錄：對于一些不宜放在正文中，但有參考價(jià)值的內(nèi)容，可編入附錄中。例如，公式的推演、編寫的算法、語言程序等。
二、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫格式要求
1、畢業(yè)論文一律打印，采取A4紙張，頁邊距一律采取：上、下2.5cm，左3cm,右1.5cm，行間距取多倍行距（設(shè)置值為1.25）；字符間距為默認(rèn)值（縮放100%，間距：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)），封面采用教學(xué)管理部統(tǒng)一規(guī)定的封面。
2、字體要求
論文所用字體要求為宋體。
3、字號
第一層次題序和標(biāo)題用小三號黑體字；第二層次題序和標(biāo)題用四號黑體字；第三層次及以下題序和標(biāo)題與第二層次同；正文用小四號宋體。
4、頁眉及頁碼
畢業(yè)論文各頁均加頁眉，采用宋體五號宋體居中，打印“河北大學(xué)工商學(xué)院XXXX屆本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）”。頁碼從正文開始在頁腳按阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字（宋體小五號）連續(xù)編排，居中書寫。
5、摘要及關(guān)鍵詞
中文摘要及關(guān)鍵詞：“摘要”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“摘”與“要”之間空兩格，內(nèi)容采用小四號宋體。“關(guān)鍵詞”三字采用小四號字黑體，頂格書寫，一般為3—5個(gè)。
英文摘要應(yīng)與中文摘要相對應(yīng)，字體為小四號TimesNewRoman。
6、目錄
“目錄”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“目”與“錄”之間空兩格，第一級層次采用小三號宋體字，其他級層次題目采用四號宋體字。
7、正文
正文的全部標(biāo)題層次應(yīng)整齊清晰，相同的層次應(yīng)采用統(tǒng)一的字體表示。第一級為“一”、“二”、“三”、等，第二級為“1.1”、“1.2”、“1.3”等，第三級為“1.1.1”、“1.1.2”等，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務(wù)處主頁下載專區(qū)下載）。
8、參考文獻(xiàn)
參考文獻(xiàn)要另起一頁，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用標(biāo)注，如×××[1]，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務(wù)處主頁下載專區(qū)下載）。
9、外文資料及譯文
外文資料可用A4紙復(fù)印，如果打印，采用小四號TimesNewRoman字體；譯文采用小四號宋體打印，格式參照畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文本格式要求，譯文一般不少于2000字。
10、圖、表、公式
圖：a.要精選、簡明，切忌與表及文字表述重復(fù)。
b.圖中術(shù)語、符號、單位等應(yīng)同文字表述一致。
c.圖序及圖名居中置于圖的下方，用五號字宋體。
表：a.表中參數(shù)應(yīng)標(biāo)明量和單位的符號。
b.表序及表名置于表的上方。
c.表序、表名和表內(nèi)內(nèi)容采用五號宋體字。
公式：a.編號用括號括起寫在右邊行末，其間不加虛線。
b.公式中的英文字母和數(shù)字可以采用默認(rèn)的字體和字號。
圖、表與正文之間要有一行的間距，公式與正文之間不需空行；文中的圖、表、附注、公式一律采用阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字分章編號。如：圖2-5，表3-2，公式（5-1）（“公式”兩個(gè)字不要寫上）等。若圖或表中有附注，采用英文小寫字母順序編號。
11、量和單位
要嚴(yán)格執(zhí)行GB3100—3102：93有關(guān)量和單位的規(guī)定（具體要求請參閱《常用量和單位》，計(jì)量出版社，1996）；物理量用斜體，單位用正體；
單位名稱的書寫，可以采用國際通用符號，也可以用中文名稱，但全文應(yīng)統(tǒng)一，不要兩種混用。
12、標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號
注意中英文標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號的區(qū)別，不能混用。
三、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）裝訂存檔要求
1、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）資料應(yīng)包括任務(wù)書、開題報(bào)告、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）文本、外文資料及譯文、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）成績評定表等。
篇(4)
為規(guī)范本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫格式，進(jìn)一步保證本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）質(zhì)量，特制定本規(guī)范。
一、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫結(jié)構(gòu)要求
1、題目：應(yīng)簡潔、明確、有概括性，字?jǐn)?shù)不宜超過20個(gè)字。
2、文獻(xiàn)綜述：一般不少于1000字。
3、摘要：要有高度的概括力，語言精練、明確。同時(shí)有中、英文對照，中文摘要約300—400漢字；英文摘要約200—300個(gè)實(shí)詞。
4、關(guān)鍵詞：從論文標(biāo)題或正文中挑選3～5個(gè)最能表達(dá)主要內(nèi)容的詞作為關(guān)鍵詞，同時(shí)有中、英文對照，分別附于中、英文摘要后。
5、目錄：寫出目錄，標(biāo)明頁碼。
6、正文：
（1）畢業(yè)論文正文：包括前言、本論、結(jié)論三個(gè)部分。
前言（引言）是論文的開頭部分，主要說明論文寫作的目的、現(xiàn)實(shí)意義、對所研究問題的認(rèn)識，并提出論文的中心論點(diǎn)等。前言要寫得簡明扼要，篇幅不要太長。
本論是畢業(yè)論文的主體，包括研究內(nèi)容與方法、實(shí)驗(yàn)材料、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與分析（討論）等。在本部分要運(yùn)用各方面的研究方法和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果，分析問題，論證觀點(diǎn)，盡量反映出自己的科研能力和學(xué)術(shù)水平。
結(jié)論是畢業(yè)論文的收尾部分，是圍繞本論所作的結(jié)束語。其基本的要點(diǎn)就是總結(jié)全文，加深題意。
（2）畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)說明書正文包括前言、本論、結(jié)論三個(gè)部分。
前言（引言）：說明本設(shè)計(jì)的目的、意義、范圍及應(yīng)達(dá)到的技術(shù)要求；簡述本課題在國內(nèi)外的發(fā)展概況及存在的問題；本設(shè)計(jì)的指導(dǎo)思想；闡述本設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)解決的主要問題。
本論：
①設(shè)計(jì)方案論證：說明設(shè)計(jì)原理并進(jìn)行方案選擇。說明為什么要選擇這個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)方案（包括各種方案的分析、比較）；闡述所采用方案的特點(diǎn)（如采用了何種新技術(shù)、新措施、提高了什么性能等）。
②計(jì)算部分：這部分在設(shè)計(jì)說明書中應(yīng)占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋壤Ｒ谐龈髁悴考墓ぷ鳁l件、給定的參數(shù)、計(jì)算公式以及各主要參數(shù)計(jì)算的詳細(xì)步驟和計(jì)算結(jié)果；根據(jù)此計(jì)算應(yīng)選用什么原器件或零部件；對應(yīng)采用計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)還應(yīng)包括各種軟件設(shè)計(jì)。
③結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)部分：包括機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、各種電氣控制線路設(shè)計(jì)及功能電路設(shè)計(jì)、計(jì)算機(jī)控制的硬件裝置設(shè)計(jì)等，以及以上各種設(shè)計(jì)所繪制的圖紙。
④樣機(jī)或試件的各種實(shí)驗(yàn)及測試情況：包括實(shí)驗(yàn)方法、線路及數(shù)據(jù)處理等。
⑤方案的校驗(yàn)：說明所設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)是否滿足各項(xiàng)性能指標(biāo)的要求，能否達(dá)到預(yù)期效果。校驗(yàn)的方法可以是理論驗(yàn)算（即反推算），包括系統(tǒng)分析；也可以是實(shí)驗(yàn)測試及計(jì)算機(jī)的上機(jī)運(yùn)算等。
結(jié)論：概括說明設(shè)計(jì)的情況和價(jià)值，分析其
優(yōu)點(diǎn)和特色、有何創(chuàng)新、性能達(dá)到何水平，并應(yīng)指出其中存在的問題和今后改進(jìn)的方向。
7、謝辭：簡述自己通過做畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的體會，并應(yīng)對指導(dǎo)教師和協(xié)助完成論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的有關(guān)人員表示謝意。
8、參考文獻(xiàn)：在畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)說明書）末尾要列出在論文（設(shè)計(jì)）中參考過的專著、論文及其他資料，所列參考文獻(xiàn)應(yīng)按文中參考或引證的先后順序排列。
9、注釋：在論文（設(shè)計(jì)說明書）寫作過程中，有些問題需要在正文之外加以闡述和說明。
10、附錄：對于一些不宜放在正文中，但有參考價(jià)值的內(nèi)容，可編入附錄中。例如，公式的推演、編寫的算法、語言程序等。
二、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）撰寫格式要求
1、畢業(yè)論文一律打印，采取a4紙張，頁邊距一律采取：上、下2.5cm，左3cm,右1.5cm，行間距取多倍行距（設(shè)置值為1.25）；字符間距為默認(rèn)值（縮放100%，間距：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)），封面采用教學(xué)管理部統(tǒng)一規(guī)定的封面。
2、字體要求
論文所用字體要求為宋體。
3、字號
第一層次題序和標(biāo)題用小三號黑體字；第二層次題序和標(biāo)題用四號黑體字；第三層次及以下題序和標(biāo)題與第二層次同；正文用小四號宋體。
4、頁眉及頁碼
畢業(yè)論文各頁均加頁眉，采用宋體五號宋體居中，打印“河北大學(xué)工商學(xué)院xxxx屆本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）”。頁碼從正文開始在頁腳按阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字（宋體小五號）連續(xù)編排，居中書寫。
5、摘要及關(guān)鍵詞
中文摘要及關(guān)鍵詞：“摘要”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“摘”與“要”之間空兩格，內(nèi)容采用小四號宋體。“關(guān)鍵詞”三字采用小四號字黑體，頂格書寫，一般為3—5個(gè)。
英文摘要應(yīng)與中文摘要相對應(yīng)，字體為小四號times new roman。
6、目錄
“目錄”二字采用三號字黑體、居中書寫，“目”與“錄”之間空兩格，第一級層次采用小三號宋體字，其他級層次題目采用四號宋體字。
7、正文
正文的全部標(biāo)題層次應(yīng)整齊清晰，相同的層次應(yīng)采用統(tǒng)一的字體表示。第一級為“一”、“二”、“三”、等，第二級為“1.1”、“1.2”、“1.3”等，第三級為“1.1.1”、“1.1.2”等，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務(wù)處主頁下載專區(qū)下載）。
8、參考文獻(xiàn)
參考文獻(xiàn)要另起一頁，一律放在正文后，在文中要有引用標(biāo)注，如××× [1]，具體格式要求詳見模板（模板從教務(wù)處主頁下載
專區(qū)下載）。
篇(5)
撰寫畢業(yè)論文的要求
一、 撰寫論文的重要性
畢業(yè)論文，是大學(xué)教學(xué)的最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，是對整個(gè)大學(xué)階段學(xué)習(xí)的回顧與總結(jié)，是學(xué)生綜合能力的體現(xiàn)，也是對學(xué)生的一次語言及相關(guān)科學(xué)研究的一次基本訓(xùn)練，因此，要求學(xué)生以高度認(rèn)真負(fù)責(zé)的態(tài)度對待此項(xiàng)工作。
做好畢業(yè)論文的指導(dǎo)工作是整個(gè)大學(xué)教學(xué)和教育的重要和必要內(nèi)容，也是理論教學(xué)的重要組成部分。每一位教師都要以高度的社會責(zé)任感和敬業(yè)精神投入到此項(xiàng)工作中去，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生順利完成畢業(yè)論文任務(wù)。
二、 指導(dǎo)資格
論文一般由講師以上（含講師）有科研工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)的教師指導(dǎo)；
三、 論文選題的范圍及時(shí)間
論文選題內(nèi)容可涉及文化、文學(xué)、跨文化交際、翻譯、教學(xué)法、語言學(xué)六個(gè)方面。題目在三年級上學(xué)期論文寫作課教師的輔導(dǎo)下初步擬訂，在三年級上學(xué)期末確定指導(dǎo)教師。
四、 論文的內(nèi)容要求
（1） 論文要有一定的思想性，論點(diǎn)明確，論據(jù)充分，條理清晰，語言準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范、流暢；
（2）論文應(yīng)由學(xué)生獨(dú)立完成，不得抄襲；
（3）論文內(nèi)容應(yīng)與英語國家文化、社會等問題相關(guān)。
五、 論文的格式要求
（1） 一律用英語撰寫；
（2） 長度為3500-4000字之間；
（3） 結(jié)構(gòu)完整，且中、英文摘要、中英文關(guān)鍵詞、提綱、參考書目等應(yīng)符合論文寫作課上所講述的要求
（4） 初稿和定稿必須采用A4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)紙張，經(jīng)電腦打印完成；
（6） 終稿必須采用的基本編輯格式應(yīng)符合要求，格式具體要求參見外語系畢業(yè)論文模板。中文摘要、關(guān)鍵詞統(tǒng)一用A4標(biāo)準(zhǔn)紙張，4號宋體字打印。
六、論文進(jìn)度安排
（1）三年級上學(xué)期為論文準(zhǔn)備階段，包括資料的收集與整理、閱讀文獻(xiàn)、撰寫提綱。
（2）在論文指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)下，2005級英語教育專業(yè)的學(xué)生于2008年1月10日前須將論文題目確定下來，并撰寫畢業(yè)論文提綱。
（3）第一稿（Rough Draft）完成時(shí)間為3月31日。
（4）第二稿完成時(shí)間為4月25日。
（5）第三稿即論文終稿完成時(shí)間為5月25日。同時(shí)按外語系論文寫作模版打印成文。
七、 畢業(yè)論文的階段及要求
論文工作主要分以下幾個(gè)階段：準(zhǔn)備（資料的收集與整理、閱讀文獻(xiàn)、撰寫提綱）、第一稿、第二稿、第三稿、定稿及答辯。
（一）準(zhǔn)備：學(xué)生可以根據(jù)外語系論文寫作范圍選擇研究內(nèi)容，但要在教師的指導(dǎo)下對研究對象進(jìn)行資料的收集整理和分析來確定畢業(yè)論文題目。
（二）撰寫提綱：學(xué)生在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下分析和研究所采集的資料的基礎(chǔ)上，撰寫畢業(yè)論文提綱。同時(shí)也要求每一位指導(dǎo)教師在學(xué)生形成畢業(yè)論文提綱前一定要與被指導(dǎo)的學(xué)生進(jìn)行討論，畢業(yè)論文提綱應(yīng)盡量做到全面縝密，理順?biāo)撌鰞?nèi)容，避免以后反復(fù)修改。
（三）第一稿：要求學(xué)生必須嚴(yán)格按照指導(dǎo)教師審定后的畢業(yè)論文提綱進(jìn)行寫作，不可自行其是，隨意更換主題。第一稿完成以后，指導(dǎo)教師主要檢查學(xué)生是否按照既定的提綱和思想在寫作，及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)問題及時(shí)糾正。如學(xué)生采取不認(rèn)真的態(tài)度，指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)對其提出嚴(yán)肅地批評教育，拒不接受者，指導(dǎo)教師有權(quán)提出相應(yīng)的處理意見，或交系畢業(yè)論文工作小組處理。如果教師不認(rèn)真指導(dǎo)，隨意放學(xué)生過關(guān)，以后階段出現(xiàn)的問題由該教師本人負(fù)責(zé)。
（四）第二稿：要求學(xué)生不僅要繼續(xù)補(bǔ)充第一稿之不足，同時(shí)要求在表達(dá)上要有所提高。在接到第二稿以后，指導(dǎo)教師閱讀后應(yīng)指出存在的問題，以便學(xué)生及時(shí)改正。
（五）第三稿：要求學(xué)生在文風(fēng)、文章格式、修辭等方面有所提高。指導(dǎo)教師要對第三稿進(jìn)行全面地審閱，并提出修改意見，以保證定稿打印時(shí)所有的錯(cuò)誤和疏漏都得到更正，錯(cuò)誤率控制在規(guī)定范圍內(nèi)，即2%。同時(shí)，教師還要提醒學(xué)生在打印前再校對，以保證盡可能地將正確的版本打印出來。
（六）畢業(yè)論文答辯：畢業(yè)論文的答辯是畢業(yè)論文工作的最后階段，要求學(xué)生予以充分的準(zhǔn)備和重視。論文答辯前，學(xué)生們必須充分熟悉論文，答辯時(shí)，要求學(xué)生能脫稿進(jìn)行5-10分鐘的畢業(yè)論文內(nèi)容的陳述，并流利、準(zhǔn)確地回答答辯委員提出的問題。在答辯過程中，參加答辯的教師要對答辯人的語言技能（語音、語法、詞匯、語用）、口筆頭能力、論文內(nèi)容和答辯的表現(xiàn)進(jìn)行認(rèn)真記錄，客觀公正的評分。
八、 與導(dǎo)師的聯(lián)系
（1） 建議學(xué)生在第五學(xué)期結(jié)束之前在寫作課教師輔導(dǎo)下初步確定論文選題方向，但第一次與導(dǎo)師見面的時(shí)間不得遲于第五學(xué)期指導(dǎo)教師排定后一周；
（2） 學(xué)生第一次與導(dǎo)師見面時(shí)必須準(zhǔn)備好暫定的論文題目、主題與提綱以便討論，否則導(dǎo)師有權(quán)不予指導(dǎo)； （3） 對無故不主動與導(dǎo)師聯(lián)系的學(xué)生，導(dǎo)師有權(quán)不予指導(dǎo)；
（4） 對于未遵循上述要求的學(xué)生，系論文指導(dǎo)委員會不再另行為其安排指導(dǎo)教師；
九、 “指導(dǎo)紀(jì)錄單”的填寫
學(xué)生應(yīng)用（英文）認(rèn)真填寫論文題目（需附中文題目），認(rèn)真保存指導(dǎo)記錄單，并于上交論文終稿的同時(shí)上交指導(dǎo)記錄單。
呼和浩特職業(yè)學(xué)院外語系
篇(6)
姓名1
任職單位職銜
E-mail Address
姓名2
任職單位職銜
E-mail Address
摘要
本文舉例說明2002年第六屆信息管理學(xué)術(shù)暨警察信息實(shí)務(wù)研討會論文集所采用之排版格式。論文必須附有摘要。摘要以500字為限;11pt標(biāo)楷體，左右對齊，行高為固定行高15pt。
關(guān)鍵詞: 決策分析、制程分析、企業(yè)改造。
一、格式
文章必須采用A4大小的紙張，內(nèi)文寬為16公分，高為24.7公分以每欄7.6公分的寬度分為二欄。文章排列必須左右對齊，不可參差不齊。
文章包括圖片、表格、參考文獻(xiàn)不可超過10頁，不加頁碼。論文格式檔可自本研討會網(wǎng)站下載。
1. 論文題目與作者
論文題目字型為14pt標(biāo)楷體，且必須置中。作者部分：姓名為12pt標(biāo)楷體，亦必須置中。所屬機(jī)關(guān)為10pt標(biāo)楷體;行高為固定行高15pt。
2. 內(nèi)文
內(nèi)文字型均采用11pt標(biāo)楷體。行高為固定行高15pt。
3. 段落標(biāo)題與子標(biāo)題
段落標(biāo)題與子標(biāo)題須采用粗體。每段標(biāo)題與子標(biāo)題前請留一行空白。每一段落首行以1公分縮排開始。
二、圖片、表格與方程式
1. 圖片
圖片可使用一欄或二欄，說明必須置于圖片下方。必須置中。
圖一: XX圖
2. 表格
表格可以使用一欄或二欄，說明必須置于表格上方且置中。
表一: XX表
3. 方程式
方程式應(yīng)置中，并且于上下各留一行空白。方程式應(yīng)編號，編號靠右對齊并從1開始。
F(x)=G(x)+5*H(x) (1)
三、參考文獻(xiàn)格式
參考文獻(xiàn)：11pt標(biāo)楷體，左右對齊，行高為固定行高15pt。文獻(xiàn)部份請將中文列于前，英文列于后，按姓氏筆畫或字母順序排列。中文參考書之年份可用民國歷年或公元?dú)v年，以下為期刊、論文集、書籍之編排格式的范例.
1.李有仁、陳鴻基、李嘉寧，「組織特性與營銷信息系統(tǒng)的研究：以臺灣大型企業(yè)為例，中華民國信息管理學(xué)報(bào)，第三卷，第一期，民國89年，第 1~20頁。
2.梁定澎，決策支持系統(tǒng)，臺北：松崗計(jì)算機(jī)圖書公司，1991，第1~20頁。
篇(7)
關(guān)鍵詞：專業(yè)英語 教學(xué)方法 改革
中圖分類號：G642 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼：A 文章編號：1674-098X（2017）02（c）-0187-02
英語是全世界分布最廣泛的語言，也是國際交流中應(yīng)用最多的語言，眾多國際機(jī)構(gòu)都以英語作為交流語言，絕大多數(shù)具有較高影響因子的期刊也將英語作為自己的刊物語言，或者將刊物所的摘要添加英語翻譯。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)，世界上超過80%的權(quán)威學(xué)術(shù)期刊都以英語作為自己的刊物語言[1]，多個(gè)領(lǐng)域的研究前沿動態(tài)都是以英文報(bào)道，學(xué)好專業(yè)英語對提高學(xué)生學(xué)術(shù)素養(yǎng)的重要性不言而喻[2]。大學(xué)階段一般高校都會開設(shè)兩門英語課，公共英語和專業(yè)英語[3]。前者針對絕大部分專業(yè)授課，旨在提高學(xué)生的公共英語交流水平，在教學(xué)方式上幾乎沒有任何專業(yè)差異，大多數(shù)都是由英語專業(yè)的老師授課，而后者旨在提高學(xué)生的專業(yè)技能，熟悉自己主修專業(yè)的英語詞匯及其表達(dá)方法，要求教師在熟悉英語的同時(shí)還需熟練地掌握專業(yè)知識，往往由英語較好的專業(yè)教師授課。普通英語是本科教育中的必修課，學(xué)習(xí)過程中學(xué)生往往迫于考試的壓力和大學(xué)英語四級或六級等級考試的壓力不得不竭盡全力學(xué)習(xí)以求考試通過，而專業(yè)英語常常只是作為一門專業(yè)選修課且考試大多以開卷的形式，對本科階段的學(xué)生來說所面臨的考試壓力相對較小，因此常常得不到學(xué)生的重視。與此同時(shí)，相比普通英語的學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生在學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語時(shí)由于專業(yè)性和科普性太強(qiáng)[4]，公共英語學(xué)習(xí)中幾乎從未出現(xiàn)的詞匯眾多，且材料化學(xué)專業(yè)在化學(xué)化工領(lǐng)域涉及面廣，專業(yè)性強(qiáng)[5]，部分學(xué)生表示在學(xué)習(xí)過程中經(jīng)常聽不懂、難以理解。又由于很多老師上課時(shí)僅僅以專業(yè)詞匯或?qū)W術(shù)論文的翻譯作為教學(xué)和考核的重點(diǎn)，致使學(xué)生對專業(yè)英語失去學(xué)習(xí)興趣。因此，教師的教學(xué)方法對學(xué)生是否能夠?qū)W好專業(yè)英語尤為重要，只有使學(xué)生了解到學(xué)習(xí)專業(yè)英語的樂趣，以及它對畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)的文獻(xiàn)調(diào)研或者后期深造的重要性，才能讓學(xué)生不再感到專業(yè)英語枯燥乏味，逐漸從詞匯、段落和表達(dá)能力上學(xué)好專業(yè)英語。
1 詞匯方面指導(dǎo)學(xué)生從記英文簡稱開始
詞匯是語言的基本母核，學(xué)習(xí)任何語言都是以W習(xí)詞匯開始，專業(yè)英語也不例外。相比公共英語詞匯大多源于普通社會交往和生活交流，材料化學(xué)專業(yè)英語詞匯往往在普通英語讀物中難以見到且具有較為復(fù)雜的表達(dá)方式，常常令學(xué)生望而生畏。在作者所帶的材料化學(xué)專業(yè)的學(xué)生中，部分普通英語較為優(yōu)異、詞匯量較大的學(xué)生也認(rèn)為材料化學(xué)專業(yè)英語詞匯沒有普通英語詞匯中的規(guī)律，難以形成較為系統(tǒng)的記憶。由于材料化學(xué)專業(yè)英語的詞匯大多數(shù)為專業(yè)詞匯，涵蓋高分子材料、無機(jī)材料、復(fù)合材料等眾多材料的專有名詞，數(shù)量眾多，對大三年級的本科生初學(xué)者來說很難形成較為系統(tǒng)的記憶，因此在學(xué)習(xí)過程中很難激發(fā)學(xué)生的興趣。而在部分材料化學(xué)專業(yè)課程中，特別是《儀器分析》課程的教學(xué)中時(shí)常需要穿插以英文首字母為簡稱的儀器分析方法，如X射線衍射法（X-ray diffraction）簡稱為XRD，掃描電子顯微鏡（Scanning electron microscopy）簡稱為SEM等。同樣地，該類簡稱在高分子材料學(xué)中也十分常見，如聚乙烯（polyethylene）簡稱為PE，聚氯乙烯（Polyvinyl chloride）簡稱為PVC等。相比復(fù)雜的專業(yè)詞匯的英文全稱，英文簡稱顯然更容易被學(xué)生牢記，并且英文簡稱在實(shí)際生活中也應(yīng)用較多，學(xué)生除了能夠從課本中學(xué)到專業(yè)詞匯外，也能比較容易地在生活中了解到某種材料的英文簡稱，進(jìn)而了解該材料的英文全稱，由此形成聯(lián)想記憶，方可較為容易地尋找到材料化學(xué)專業(yè)英語詞匯的一般規(guī)律，增加專業(yè)英語的詞匯量。因此在教學(xué)過程中，對剛剛進(jìn)入材料化學(xué)專業(yè)英語學(xué)習(xí)的大三學(xué)生，可先幫助其回憶專業(yè)課上學(xué)過的英文簡稱，進(jìn)而對其解釋該簡稱的英文全稱，一方面可帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)之前所學(xué)的專業(yè)內(nèi)容，另一方面可由此增加學(xué)生對專業(yè)英語的興趣，使學(xué)生在專業(yè)英語學(xué)習(xí)過程中能夠有成就感。
