序論：寫作是一種深度的自我表達。它要求我們深入探索自己的思想和情感，挖掘那些隱藏在內(nèi)心深處的真相，好投稿為您帶來了七篇網(wǎng)站畢業(yè)論文范文，愿它們成為您寫作過程中的靈感催化劑，助力您的創(chuàng)作。

篇(1)

2. Current situation and features of company website translation 2

2.1 Current situation of company website translation 2

2.2 Samples of famous foreign company website 3

2.3 Features of company website translation 4

3. The skopos theory and company website translation 6

3.1 Introduction of Skopos theory 6

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos 8

   3.2.1 Functional translation errors 8

   3.2.2 Liguistic translation errors 9

   3.2.3 Cultural translation errors 10

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province 13

4.1 Functional translation errors 13

   4.1.1 Problem of length 13

   4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern 15

4.2 Liguistic translation errors 16

   4.2.1 Spelling errors 16

   4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation 17

   4.2.3 Incorrect word translation 17

   4.2.4 Illogical arrangment 18

4.3 Cultural translation errors 19

5. Conclusion 20

Acknowledgements 21

References 22

1．Introduction

Thanks to the ongoing economic reform and opening-up and the irresistible trend of globalization, China’s communication with the world has been intensified in recent years. Though almost every company which deal with the foreign trade owns his English version website, the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company website is far from satisfactory that leave a lot of work to do. For the present, most of the work are based on the rule of skopos theory which we will investigate later.

And with the popularity and applications of the Internet, the company website plays an increasing important role in foreign exchange, outreach, and the absorb foreign capital[2]. Although nowadays most domestic enterprises have set up their own websites and e-commerce platform, many export-oriented enterprises is established in English, the site has become a propaganda of the enterprise, an effective channel to promote company products. However, there is no difficulty in finding errors comparing the domestic foreign trade company website to the foreign company website. Some mistakes are even too much to bear. In recent years, there appears a large number of discussion on website translation, start from Skopos basis direction, and have a lot of research fruits on the problem of company website mistranslation. But for the relatively small corporate company website translation, it had not been given sufficient attention and standardized management, error-prone web site translation directly affect a company’s image.

2. Current situation and features of company website translation

In the world today, global and regional cooperation is in full swing and countries are increasingly interdependent. Company website provide a quick and convenient access to the general understanding of what a Chinese company is like, thus serving as bridges that enable business people from different countries with different cultural backgrounds to have a better understanding of each other. In fact, as a specialized and important area of translation, the translation of company profiles has its own features and particular communicative functions which deserve an in-depth and systematic study.

2.1 Current situation of company website translation

Foreign propaganda in the business text, Chinese text use more modifiers which using rhyme, parallelism, words with other parties type the text in order to increase the beauty, attract potential customers and clients. Many translators often find it difficult, even if be translated, also bite the bullet and let the readers of English-speaking find it difficult to understand. Company’s publicity text translation is accurate for the purpose of translation about business, product-related information. So prominent is the informational translation, first principle focus on the information, and others such as style, rhetoric and so on is secondary to bit. If translate directly, the text will cause a pile, information duplication, not meet the English language of expression. On the basis of Skopos principles, the translator should cut the original text appropriately in order for information receiver better understanding the text.

Different from other text types, a company profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

However, many translators in this field tend to neglect the translation purpose of company profiles. As a result, linguistic and cultural problems still exist and obstruct the achievement of the Skopos of company profiles. Enlightened by the functionalist approach, the thesis also conducts a comprehensive survey as to the readability and acceptability of the target text[6]. It is found that foreign people do not respond positively to the English translation of Chinese company profiles. These problems or errors adversely affect the quality of translation. Primarily under the guidance of the functionalist skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analyzing authentic examples, the study also justifies someappropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other public materials.

2.2 Samples of famous foreign website

There are a lot of famous company on the list of top 500 in the world, after searching for their company, not difficult in finding a lot of features in common about their web page design. The followings are classic samples.

Example[1]: In 1886, Coca-Cola® brought refreshment to patrons of a small Atlanta pharmacy. Now well into its second century, the Company's goal is to provide magic every time someone drinks one of its more than 400 brands. Coca-Cola has fans from Boston to Budapest to Bahrain, drinking brands such as Ambasa, Vegitabeta and Frescolita. In the remotest comers of the globe, you can still find Coca-Cola.

Coca-Cola is committed to local markets, paying attention to what people from different cultures and backgrounds like to drink, and where and how they want to drink it. With its bottling partners, the Company reaches out to the local communities it serves, believing that Coca-Cola exists to benefit and refresh everyone it touches.

(heritage.coca-cola.com/)

Example[2]: Software is a leading online portal for software products, with free downloads and expert software reviews to help you make an informed choice. We list thousands of discounted software products with prices that are almost always the lowest available in the country. We also list a huge selection of free downloads so you can try software free before you decide to buy.

The Software.com store features the the software industry’s leading publishers, including Microsoft, Intuit, Symantec, Adobe, Nuance and hundreds of others. Our software store provides users with rich resources including thousands of user reviews, articles, and product comparison charts.

    Software.com employs a team of industry experts with over 40 years of combined experience in online software distribution. Our goal is to bring you the best range of world-leading software, at the best prices, with rich reviews and product information so you can choose the software that is right for you. (software.com/about/)

 As we can see from these samples, the foreign company websites are more functional and focus more on introdu cing products, and the purpose are much stronger and prominent. This is exactly what our company website is lack of, for we always put more words in describing company history and prior tradition, but lack of products introduction and special users attraction.

2.3 Features of company website translation   

First of all, company website translation profile depends more on the skopos rules.  Different from other text types, a company website profile is a special kind of text with particular purposes and functions. The translation purpose of company website profiles is to enable more foreigners to know more about Chinese companies, thus achieving international recognition and establishing the credibility of the company and its products. In order to achieve these purposes and functions, more attention should be paid to target readers who have different cultural backgrounds in the company profile translation. According to skopostheorie, a translation action is determined by its Skopos and the end justifies the means. That means the purpose of translation determines the translation methods and strategies that are to be employed in order to produce a functionally adequate result. Therefore, in the C-E translation of company profiles, translators should adhere to Skopos rule, coherence rule and fidelity rule and it is applicable for them to adopt a TT-oriented or reader-centered translation strategy.

Secondly, primarily under the guidance of the functionalist Skopostheorie, the thesis puts forward a set of guiding principles for the C-E translation of company profiles, that is, idiomatic, comprehensible, and acceptable. By analysis authentic examples, the study also justifies some appropriate strategies such as addition, abridgement and restructuring. A conclusion can be drawn that it is feasible to guide the C-E translation of company profiles in the light of the functionalist approach, particularly skopostheorie. In the translation process, the translator is expected to bear in mind the intended function of the target text and produce a version that is comprehensible and acceptable to the target reader. Due to great linguistic and cultural differences, the translation process usually involves considerable adjustments or adaptations of the source text in order to achieve the intended function of the target text.

Hopefully, the principles and strategies proposed in this study would be of some value to the C-E translation of company profiles as well as other publicity materials.

At last, defined as the measure of all things in translation by Reiss, the ST is regarded by Vermeer as merely an “offer of information” which can be partly or wholly transmitted for the target audience, leaving its status much lower in skopostherie than in equivalence-based theories. And it is the purpose of the translation that determines what to translate, how much to translate and what strategies to employ in specific situations. For this reason, in C-E translation of company website, any translation strategy can be adopted provided it is effective in publicizing the company in the target culture and expanding its business there. The translator needs to serve as “cultural filtering”, which means making adjustments to the structure and style of the source text by addition, deletion and rewriting. In this section, different successful translation techniques applicable to company profile translation in light of skopostheorie will be explored.

3. The Skopos theory and company website translation

 

 A company website is a particular communicative message that an organization wants to deliver to a particular audience. It is essentially “a résumé” presenting an image of a particular company, aiming to “establish the credibility with the market the company serves” . Klein also argues that a company website provides insight about a company to its customers and prospects; potential employees and partners view it to evaluate whether or not it is the kind of company they’d like to work with. Generally speaking, a well-written company website contains the company’s founders, product range or service that a company offers, major stockholders, members of the board, address, telephone and fax numbers, website, and other vital information. Some website include their history and significant achievements they have made through the years. This thesis defines a company profile in a narrow sense and refers to a company introduction since introductory remarks head all the other subdirectory items and are of the most representative characteristics. The samples employed in this thesis include brochures and materials from the Internet and cover a great variety of b usiness fields such as banks, hotels, automobiles, medicine, wine, household electrical appliances, tobacco, and sports goods.

3.1 Introduction of skopos theory

The Skopos theory is an important functionalist theory of translation that was developed in Germany in the 1970s. It reflects “a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation” [8]235. It greatly widens the research field of translation and puts translation researches in the framework of cross-cultural communication, instead of the narrow framework of source and target texts or the transmission between two languages. The Skopos theory draws inspiration from communication theory, action theory, text linguistics and text theory, and also from movements in literary studies toward reception theories. It is regarded as the core of German functionalism.

Hans Vermeer who proposed the Skopos theory gives his own definition of translation from a unique perspective that translation is a “purposeful action”. In the Skopos theory, translation is basically a type of communication. In other words, translation is a type of human action. Since action is the process of acting, which means “intentionally(at will)bringing about or preventing a change in the world (in nature), and thus can be defined as an intentional change or transition from one state of affairs to another” 18. Based on this belief, Vermeer put forward his translation principles, including the Skopos rule ad the guiding principle, and the coherence and the fidelity rule as subordinate principles.

It requires that a good translation be:

[1] pragmatic, accounting for the situational conditions of communicative interaction and, accordingly, for the needs and expectations of the addressees of the target text and even making the receiver the most important yardstick of translational decisions;

[2] culture-oriented, giving consideration to the culture-specific forms of verbal and nonverbal behaviour involved in translation;

[3] consistent, able to show the translator’s decisions in any type or form of translation task and make the target text a functional one;

[4] practical, accounting all the forms of transcultural communication needed; 

[5] normative, displaying the translator’s particular purpose;

[6] comprehensive, the communicative effects of a target text being equivalent to those of the source text;

.

3.2 The wrong types of translation from the perspective of Skopos theory

During the information exchanging, Chinese companies have to provide effective company website profile linguistically and culturally acceptable to their target readers. Consequently, the English translation of Chinese company website plays a significant role in ensuring a successful communication with the outside world. Yet the overall situation of the C-E translation of Chinese company profiles is far from satisfactory. From the perspective of Skopostheorie, “if the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target addressee, anything that obstructs the achievement of this purpose is a translation error” [9]74. Thus, to decide whether a piece of translation is a translation error or not is neither to see whether the translation is grammatically correct or not, nor to see whether the translation is loyal to the meaning of the source text. Instead, it should depend on whether the translation has achieved the intended purpose of the original work. As far as the C-E translation of company profiles is concerned, major problems and errors result from the ignorance of linguistic and cultural differences. The common errors in the C-E translation can be roughly classified into two categories: functional translation errors, linguistic tr anslation errors and cultural translation errors.

3.2.1 Functional translation errors

Functional inadequacies occur in four ways. They may be pragmatic translation errors, which are the result of “inadequate solutions to pragmatic translation problems such as lack of receiver orientation”. Secondly, they may be cultural translation errors, which are “due to an inadequate decision with regard to reproduction or adaptation of culture-specific conventions”. Thirdly, they may be linguistic translation errors, which are “caused by an inadequate translation when the focus is on language structures”. Fourthly, and finally, they may be text-specific translation errors, which are “related to a text-specific translation problem and, like the corresponding translation problems, can usually be evaluated from a functional or pragmatic point of view” 76 .

Function refers to the factors which make the text work in the intended way in the target situation. Loyalty refers to the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addresses and the initiator. Loyalty limits the range of justifiable target-text functions for one particular source text and raises the need for a negotiation of the translation assignment between translators and their clients[11]126.

The claim that a variety of strategies, often moving away from the linguistic surface of the source text, are necessary to produce a functional target text gives a more grounded precision to the claims of Goldblatt and Raffel. Nord’s argument helps us to understand that these strategies are not to be considered shortcomings or inadequacies, reluctantly accepted as abstract “poetry” but never as “scholarship” – they are deliberate and intelligent forms of both creativity and fidelity. Indeed they are the inevitable, different paths that translators must follow if they wish to create new texts based on their appropriately functional readings of the source-text. (Scholars, to paraphrase Raffel, are then entitled to translations as much as poets – but because their needs are different, they each require a different sort of translation.) If these strategies of non-equivalence are to be considered “mistakes” at all then they are, in a paradoxical way, “deliberate mistakes”, intentionally undertaken in order to recreate the text in a way that deviates from the literal surface meaning of the source text so as to represent its other, deeper, features. Other errors, or “mistakes”, which are the result of our intentions being neither adequate nor appropriate, might be considered, in contrast, to be “foolish mistakes”, the product of ignorance but not of maliciousness. And ignorance can be overcome by “an adequate level of language and culture proficiency”.

3.2.2 Lingustic translation errors

Linguistic translation errors are at the basic level among the four types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator’s poor command of the target language. Unfamiliar with the target language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of errors, which range from levis (spelling and choice of words), semantics (meaning the source text intends to convey) to syntax (grammatical sentences and structure). Hence the translated text cannot be fully understood by the foreign audience. For example,“拳頭產(chǎn)品”has been translated literally as “fist product”. In Chinese,“拳頭產(chǎn)品” indicates that the product sells well in the market and it is regarded as a brand name. The counterpart “fist” in English, however, just means the hand when closed tightly with the fingers bent into the palm, which cannot convey the original meaning. It would be better to be translated as “knockout product”, “hard-punch product”or“product with a competitive edge” [12].

Example[3]: 三十年紡織品和服裝出口經(jīng)驗，質(zhì)量第一，信譽第一，友情第一，重合同，守信用，始終如一。(ex.cn)

Original version：Thirty years’experience of textiles and garments export.Quality the best.Reputation and friendship the foremost. Always abide by contacts and credibility.

Revised version：The rendering in this example is a typical word-for-word one, let alone the grammatical mistake in the last sentence “Always abide by contacts and credibility”. The deliberate faithfulness of its sentence structure actually results in sen tence fragments in English, which are far from emotionally appealing to the English readers. Such redundant syntactic structure will surely confuse the target readers.

Example[4]: 集“中國馳名商標”、“中國名牌”、“國家免檢產(chǎn)品”和“國家出口商品免驗”等榮譽于一身的特步(中國)有限公司，位于福建省泉州市經(jīng)濟技術(shù)開發(fā)區(qū)。(xtep.com.cn/)

Original version：Xtep(China)co.,ltd.,honored with China's famous and popular brand, China's famous brand, products exempt from inspection and export products exempt from inspection; which locates in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development zone. After correcting the grammatical errors in this version,an improved version could be:

Revised version：Xtep(China)Co., Ltd.,winning honors like “China’s famous and popular brand”, “China’s famous brand”, “inspection-exempt products” and “inspection-exempt products for export”, which is located in Quanzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone. 

3.2.3 Clutural translation errors

What does the word “culture” mean？As we have seen, culture is ubiquitous, multidimensional, complex and all-pervasive. Though there has been a century of efforts to define culture by scholars from different points of view, an agreement has so far not been reached[13]. The definition of culture seems simple but complex in reality. It covers aspects of everyday life to cognitive and social structure. And it refers to communities that have different attitudes toward political and social issues, different cultural practices and references in their private lives, different social backgrounds, etc.

In 1871, in his classic book Primitive Culture, British anthropologist Edward Tylor first gave the definition of culture which is widely quoted :“culture...is that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capacities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” [13]. This definition is far from complete and vague to some extent because it only stressed the spiritual part of culture, but has neglected its material basis without which culture is an impossibility.

Translation and culture are closely related to each other. Translation is a cross-cultural communication. Various scholars have elaborated on the relationship between culture and translation.

Toury holds that translation is a kind of activity which inevitably involves at least two languages and two cultural conditions48.

In order to achieve the expected purpose of the C-E translation of company profiles, it is particularly important to know the role of culture in the C-E translation of company profiles. First of all, culture affects the selection of company profiles. In order to carter for the target readers, the initiators have to select materials that characterize the Chinese culture and are acceptable in the target cultural system. Secondly, culture affects the acceptability of translations in the target culture[18]. Because of the cultural differences, what is appreciated in one culture may not be acceptable in another culture differences, what is appreciated in on culture may not be acceptable in another culture. Thirdly, culture also affects the approaches to be adopted in the translation process. For different translation purposes, people may resort to different apporaches to solve cultural clashes.

Chinese and western cultures differ greatly in their historical development, geographical locations, customs, conventions, religious beliefs and aesthetics,which have a great impact on cross-cultural communication.According to Skopostheorie, a cultural translation error occurs when something in the translation doesn't conform to the norms and conventions in the target culture. Cultural transla tion mistakes or errors, though very covert, cause a lot of hideous barriers in the cross-cultural communication.

As has been mentioned above, what is appreciated in the Chinese culture may be unacceptable in the English culture due to the cultural differences. For example, we have always prided ourselves as“龍的傳人”, which is literally translated as“descendants of the dragon”. However, the Chinese word“龍” in the Chinese culture is not equivalent to the “dragon” in the western culture. Though both of them are legendary animals, their images and connotations are quite different. In the Chinese culture, the image of “龍” has undergone a series of changes before it takes its present form. It has the combined features of a number of animals—a reptile-like animal with a scaled body and claws, which can not only crawl, but also swim and fly. It is the symbol of the Chinese nation and the Chinese national spirit. It represents power, supremacy and auspice. In feudal China, emperors were compared to dragons. But in the western legends, dragon is a huge lizard with wings, scales and a long snake-like tail. It can spit fire. Dragon in the western culture is the symbol of evil[19]. So if the phrase“以外貿(mào)企業(yè)為龍頭” is translated into English as “with foreign trade firms as the dragon’s head”, the foreigners will feel awful when they read the translation. It will be acceptable when it is translated as“with foreign trade firms as the locomotive(or flagship)”.

Besides, English company profiles emphasize simplicity, individuality and substantiality, while Chinese ones stress elegance, uniformity, and authority. For this reason, the author of this present paper suggests that to realize intended commercial purpose, translators should avoid literally translating four-character phraseology into English because foreign consumers may show their doubts at the first sight of these patterns:“Who knows?” as shown in the following examples.

Example[5]: 該廠能生產(chǎn)大衣、西裝、時裝、襯衣、毛衣等不同類型服裝用的上千個花色品種的紐扣，產(chǎn)品規(guī)格齊全，品種繁多，造型新穎。(lxbutton.com/)

Original version：The factory can produce thousands of type of buttons for coats, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters. They have complete ranges of specification and various types and are novel in shape.

Revised version：The factory can produce various new types of buttons in thousands of different designs for coat, suits, fashions, shirts and sweaters.

It seems that the modifications in the second English version not only successfully achieve commercial effect but also makes the content more succinct. Hence, a translator should always bear in mind that cultural comparison is a “must” in the translation process. Without comparisons of the two cultural systems, successful translation would not be possible.

4. Analyses of website translation of foreign trade company in Zhejiang province

There are many famous foreign trade companies in Zhejiang province, almost every company owns its English version website profile which focus to attract foreign business partners around the world. But owing to the different levels of translators who work as the company website translation, there exists a big difference in the quality of website translation, some even cause serious problem which make foreign trade partner confused about the compani's business and even products' function. So it is very important for translators of company website to follow some principles while dealing with the translation work.

4.1 Functional translation errors

4.1.1 Problem of length

The main reason for the too long translation is the profile of the translation focus too much on faith, but neglect removing or simplifying the useless information for audience. In accordance with the “Skopos rule”, the purpose of translation decides the behaviour of translation work. The translators should add, adjust or predigest the original work depending on the purpose of the translation.some of the original target information is out of communicative value which will make the translation empty, trash-talking and even affecting the information transforming.

Example [6]: 進入新世紀后，娃哈哈已擁有了雄厚的產(chǎn)品自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力，在雄厚的資金保障下，通過引進國際最先進的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備技術(shù)，進行消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新，使公司擁有強大的核心競爭能力。同時，通過自主開發(fā)營養(yǎng)快線等系列創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品，廣開銷路，實現(xiàn)科學(xué)發(fā)展，行業(yè)龍頭地位日益穩(wěn)固。目前，娃哈哈正在不斷擴大投資規(guī)模，不斷自主創(chuàng)新，向著世界500強企業(yè)的目標闊步前進！(劃線部分為錯誤點）(wahaha.com.cn/aboutus/history/)

    Original version: The third time milestone development: entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the dependent R&D ability and the technology innovation ability. Secured by abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment technology with absorption and d igestion, making sure that Wahaha keeps the core competitive edge. We also developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilizing our leading position. Currently, Wahaha keeps further investment and constant innovation, aiming for becoming the world Top 500 enterprises.

We can find that some information in the Chinese version is useless and redundant,“消化、吸收、再創(chuàng)新”,“自主研發(fā)能力和技術(shù)創(chuàng)新能力”they all means innovation.so we can simplify the version into:

Revised version: Entering the new era, Wahaha cultivated the ability of innovation and R&D with abundant capital, we adopted the international advanced equipment with renew ability, making Wahaha keep the core competitive edge. At the same time, we have developed the popular products like Nutrition Express to sustain the scientific development, stabilize our leading position. Currently, Whaha keeps investment and innovation for becoming the world top 500 enterprises。

Example [7]: 東方機械位于風景秀麗、物產(chǎn)豐富、經(jīng)濟發(fā)達、文化繁榮，素有江南“魚米、皮革之鄉(xiāng)”美稱的錢塘江畔。(hua-jia .com/s1.htm)

Original version: Our factory is located in Dingqiao Town by the Qiantang River where is famed as"The Home of fish，Rice and Leather"，with beautiful scenery，rich products，flourishing economy and prosperous culture.

Revised version: “...located at Dingqiao Town by the Qingtang river, our company specialized in the production of ... ”（we can just delete the underlined part)

Example [8]: 2003年初，公司為滿足國內(nèi)市場對專用車的需要，及時調(diào)整產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)并成立的專用車公司，在做穩(wěn)、做強客車的同時，投巨資實施專用車項目，精心打造有洛陽宇通特色的專用車產(chǎn)品，本著“低端切人、高端占領(lǐng)”的原則，經(jīng)過精心籌備，四大系列產(chǎn)品即混凝土攪拌車系列、散裝水泥車系列、加油車系列、灑水車系列一經(jīng)投放市場，便以其全新的設(shè)計、優(yōu)美的造型、細膩的工藝贏得了市場的青睞。(lyyt.com/t9/index.asp)

Original version: In the early of 2003, in order to meet the demands for special-purpose car in domestic market, we adjusted our product's structure and set up a new department dealing with special purpose car. While steadying and strengthening the production of passenger car, we invest large amounts of money in special-purpose car to carefully make this kind of products with vivid Luoyang Yutong characteristics. With the principle of cutting in from the low end and taking possession at the high end, our four series of products were put into market in April of 2003 after careful preparation. They are dowser series, water cart series, bulk cement vehicle series and concrete-mixing vehicle series. The products win for their new designation, exquisite molding and technique.

Revised version: In addition to its wonderful performance in the sector of passenger cars, Luoyang Yutong Automobile co., Ltd. Moved forward with an aggressive campaign to stay at the forefront of transportation. In the early of 2003, we set up a new sector to manufacture special-purpose vehicles including fuel trucks, spraying cars, bulk cement trucks and concrete-mixing trucks which are tailored to the needs of Chinese market. They gained excellent reputation for their original design and state-of-the-art technics among clients as soon as they were put into market in April of the same years.

4.1.2 Problem rooted from different thought pattern

In the functionalist perspective, the purpose of a translation is to achieve a particular function for the target address, and anything that prevents the achievement of this purpose in considered as a translation error. This means that a particular expression or utterance is not inadequate in itself; it only becomes inadequate with regard to the communicative function it was expected to achieve. Furthermore, Nord classifies the translation errors into four categories: pragmatic, cultural, linguistic and text-specific ones[9]. Study of the small corpus shows those translation errors in the translated corporate website are mainly linguistic and cultural. In the following parts, the author is to demonstrate the problems common to nearly all the sample texts, with suggested solutions thereafter.

Example [9]: 引進大量的科技管理人才,成立“真愛集團人才聯(lián)誼會” 形成“重知識，重人才” 的良好氣氛。(truelovegroup.com/english/about/about.asp)

Original version: To form well atmosphere “esteem acknowledge, esteem intellect”, truelove employed a mess of technology and management persons and set up “truelove group talent sociality”.

Revised version: To form well atmosphere “respect knowledge and talents”, Truelove employed talents and set up “Truelove talents Union”.

Example  [10]:

(1)醫(yī)德醫(yī)風

Medical ethics

(2)全體員工精誠團結(jié)，上下一心

All the staffs unite absolute sincerity

(3)上有上策，下有下策，有令不行，有禁不止。

Disobey orders and defy prohibition.

In these translations repetitions have been talked carefully.The Word “ethics” contains the meaning of both“德”and“風”. The Chinese“精誠團結(jié)”and“上下一心” which have the same meaning are translated into “unite in absolute sincerity.” As with these, the third English sentence fully renders the Chinese version whose second part means the same as the first one.

Let's quote example (2) as another example of this strategy. Taking a look at the underlined parts, we find the Chinese phrase“進入飯店” has not been translated. The English version “Hong Kong Peninsula Hotel Management Group introduced us ...” is clear and sufficient to express the meaning of “進入飯店，帶來…”. If we translate it in the word-for-word way “as entered the hotel and brought...”, the TT readers in English cultures will be confused. Thus, leaving out tautological words is one of the communicative methods in translating to realize the purpose of the TT. More specifically, this translation is a compliance with coherence rule rather than the fidelity rule.

4.2 Linguistic translation errors

A linguistic translation error is at the most basic level among the types of errors mentioned above. They usually stem from an incompetent translator's poor command of the language. Unfamiliar with the language norms and conventions, an unqualified translator would make all kinds of mistakes, which range from lexis (spelling and choice of words), syntax (grammatical sentence and structure) and semantics (meaning that the source text intends to convey).

4.2.1 Spelling errors

Example [11]: 本公司始終堅持以“質(zhì)量為本，科技創(chuàng)新，優(yōu)質(zhì)服務(wù)，環(huán)保產(chǎn)品”為發(fā)展宗旨。(chinacgic.com/company.asp)

Original version: Our company has all along been adhering to such a development philosophy: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Revised version:our company has all along been adhering to such a developing idea: quality basis, technological innovation, high-quality service and environment-friendly products.

Example [12]:“成功電子” 以擁有您的支持而自豪，并有信心通過我們不斷的努力使您以使用“成功電子” 產(chǎn)品而驕傲。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: Success Electronics is proud for having your support and convinced that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

Revised verion: Success Electronic is proud for having your support and it convince that our constant efforts can make you proud of using our products.

4.2.2 Improper use of punctuation

Example[13]: 公司自創(chuàng)辦以來,不斷擴大規(guī)模,更新產(chǎn)品的種類。歡迎各中外客商前來共創(chuàng)商機! (rx-china.com/)

Original version: The company spread dimensions at once. sincerely welcomes its friends to have business negotiation, cooperate with them and jointly make great achievement.

Revised version: Since the establishment of our company we have always been expanding our industrial scale and adding new ranges to our production line. Now we warmly welcome our customers, both at home and abroad, to come together and enjoy better business opportunities!

Example [14]: 本公司經(jīng)營的產(chǎn)品廣泛用于通訊設(shè)備、家用電器、儀器儀表、數(shù)碼產(chǎn)品行業(yè)、電子玩具以及工業(yè)自動化設(shè)備等各種領(lǐng)域, 在電子行業(yè)有很高的聲譽。(zszyss.com/)

Original version: The product of company’s operation is used in the various fields such as communication equipment, electric home appliances, instrument appearance, digital product profession, electronictoy as well as industrial automatic equipment extensively, we have very high reputation on electronic profession.

Revised version: The products we deal in are widely used in such areas as communication, household electrical appliances, instruments and meters, digital products, electric toys and industrial automatic equipment. Our company enjoys a high reputation in the line of electronic.

4.2.3 Incorrect word translation

Example [15]: 本公司近年致力弘揚、推廣中華優(yōu)秀傳統(tǒng)文化和與之相結(jié)合的高新科技。2002年起被中央有關(guān)部門指定為外交部國禮系列圖書國內(nèi)外主要發(fā)行單位之一。(zylp.com/)

Original version: This company recent years devoted to bring honor to , to promote the China outstanding traditional culture and high speed science which unified with it. In 2002 is assigned by the central department concerned one of for country cash as a present book domestic and foreign main release units .

Revised version: We have been carrying forward and popularizing traditional Chinese culture combined with newly developed high-tech. In 2002, our company was appointed to be one of the authorized publishers of series of golden books as official gifts for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Example [16]: 百果園占地面積20 畝,花園式布局,生產(chǎn)車間4800m²,設(shè)有原料、粗加工、成品、包裝、冷藏、鍋爐等生產(chǎn)車間。(baiguoyuan.com.cn/)

Original version: Baiguoyuan is like a garden it cone ns an area of zomu, with 3400 sguan meters work shop, including material storage workshop , naw processing workshop, finshed produet workshop, packing workshop, cold stonage workshop and boilen workshop.

Revised version: Baiguoyuan, a well laid out garden-like enterprise, covers an area of 20 mu, and owns a production department of 4800 square meters including workshops handling materials, rough processing, finished goods, packing, refrigerating and a boiler room.

4.2.4 Illogical arrangement

Illogical arrangement is primarily coordinated at the incorrectly translation of an individual expression or sentence's elements which cause incoherent and misunderstanding.

Example [17]:(本單位)成立于1988年,是經(jīng)國家建設(shè)部批準,專業(yè)從事地基與基礎(chǔ)工程施工的壹級企業(yè)。(richelevator.com/hz/)

Original version:We are the stair enterp rise professioned on construction of groundwork and base engineering approved by national construction department founded in 1988.

Revised version: Our company, with the approval of Ministry of Construction, was established in 1988 and we are now a first grade enterprise specializing in the construction of groundwork and foundational engineering.

Example [18]: 公司非常重視對員工隊伍素質(zhì)的培訓(xùn)工作,專門成立了人力資源部,對員工進行操作技術(shù)、專業(yè)技能、安全生產(chǎn)、市場意識、產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量等方面的培訓(xùn)。(chinacgic.com/)

Original version: The company emphasize on training for the staff, specialize to establish HR department, train manipulating technique, specialty skill, safe producing, market apperceiving, product quality and the other side training.

Revised version:We put emphasis on training our working staff and specially set up a human resources department for the purpose of guiding our staff members to master new operating techniques, professional skills, safety in production, marketing strategies and quality control.

4.3 Cultural translation errors 

When preparing an English version of the corporate profile, the Chinese companies tend to translate literally the existing Chinese language, regardless of the fact that different addressees require an adjustment of the relationship between the explicit and implicit information in the target text and that the target cultural conventions should be given priority.

Example[19]: 公司于2000年順利通過ISO9001: 2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認證，形成了一套完整的質(zhì)量保障體系，2002年11月被中國輕工業(yè)質(zhì)量認證中心授予 “環(huán)保陶瓷”稱號。(.cn/)

Original version：the company passed ISO9001:2000 International Quality System Certification in 2000, and has established a complete quality assurance system. It was awarded as “Environmental friendly ceramics”.

  In this short paragraph, the company exhibits four honorary titles: ISO9001:2000版國際質(zhì)量體系認證，“環(huán)保陶瓷” without further explaining what the awards are about, what requirements should be met to win each and how this company is qualified to receive the glories. For people who are familiar with the awarding system, this information is able to serve as a strong support for the qualification of company. However, the westerners are probably not so moved by these titles. Questions may haunt the readers, such as “what is the evaluation standard of the award?” “how often is the award granted?” “how many enterprises can get award in each season?” in other words, only when the information becomes convincing enough can the foreigners acknowledge the qualification of the company.

5．Conclusion

It should have been a progress for the development of the Chinese enterprises since the bilingual corporate websites open a new channel for them to present themselves to the world; however, in the analysis of the translated company introductions, the author observes quite a number of errors and problems prevailing the target text, which can hardly help achieve the function of the source text, only to ruin the image of the company. After all, a company with a poor English introduction can hardly convince the potential customers of the top-quality claim of the product and service therein. Delving into the translated corporate profiles, the author finds out that as far as the translation of the Chinese corporate profiles is concerned, Chinese companies still have a long way to go.

In this light, the paper analyses the language, cultural-specific terms and discourse of the translated corporate website translation, locates common errors and proposes some methods for better communication with the international audience.

However, as nearly all the cooperate profiles are translated literally in the process, even if the linguistic and cultural errors are corrected the target texts still appear awkward in the whole text and fail to become fluent English. In other words, any corrections made in the English sentences do not solve the problem and cannot ensure a functionally satisfactory reaction from the audience.

Guo Jianzhong says the translation of pragmatic texts is an art of re-expression based on writing techniques. It holds true to the company introduction, which is tattooed to translate according to the source text’s diction and structure. What the translators need to do is to adapt to or rewrite the source text before translating. Though the English may be not literally correspondent with the original source text, the meaning of the content and stylistic features retain. As a result, the communication carries out successfully and the function is fulfilled.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Yang Xue, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Zhang Lan, Zhu Ming, Wu Xiaoyun, and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 熊艾莎. 義烏網(wǎng)站英譯常見錯誤及其對策分析 [D]. 義烏工商學(xué)院外語系研究生論文, 2006(1).

[2] 何森梅. 從目的論中看中文企業(yè)網(wǎng)站的英譯策略 [J].黎明職業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報, 2008(1).

[3] 韓孟其. 與目的論相悖的企業(yè)網(wǎng)頁翻譯 [J].中國航空工業(yè)管理學(xué)院學(xué)報(社會科學(xué)版), 2008(109).

[4] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

[5] 梁丁強. 目的論與企業(yè)簡介的翻譯原則及策略－以中國企業(yè)的英文簡介為例 [D]. 揚州大學(xué)英語系研究生論文, 2008.

. Leiden: Brill,1964.

. Retrieved Nov 16, 2007.

[8] Vermeer, H. J. Skopos and Commission in Translational Action [M]. New York: Gardner Press 2000: 221-232.

[9] Nord, C. Translating as a Purposeful Activity [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.

. New York: Gardner Press,1976.

[12] 張麗玲. 從目的論討論中英廣告翻譯中的差異 [D]. 暨南大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 2007.

[13] 王娜. 從功能翻譯理論看中國企業(yè)簡介的翻譯 [D]. 首都師范大學(xué)碩士學(xué)位論文 2006.

. London: John Murray,1871.

[15] Toury,G. Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond [M]. Shnahgai:Shnahgai  Foreign Language  Education Press,2001.

[16] Gentzler, E. Contemporary Translation Theories [M]. Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.

[17] Mary, Snell-Hornby. Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Press, 2004.

[18] 譚載喜. 新編奈達論翻譯 [M]. 北京：中國對外翻譯出版公司,1999.

[19] 崔勝湘. 根據(jù)目的進行翻譯 [D]. 國防科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué) 碩士學(xué)位論文, 2004.

 

誠 信 承 諾

我謹在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文《外貿(mào)公司網(wǎng)站英譯研究之目的論視角》均系本人獨立完成，沒有抄襲行為，凡涉及其他作者的觀點和材料，均作了注釋，若有不實，后果由本人承擔。

 

篇(2)

促進高校學(xué)前（幼兒）教育專業(yè)學(xué)生理論水平和科研能力的提高，展示高校學(xué)前（幼兒）教育專業(yè)的教學(xué)成果，有效推動高校學(xué)前（幼兒）教育學(xué)科和專業(yè)建設(shè)以及畢業(yè)生的高質(zhì)量就業(yè)。

二、主辦單位

全國教師教育學(xué)會幼兒教師教育委員會

三、協(xié)辦單位

全國各高校學(xué)前（幼兒）教育學(xué)院（系）

四、活動時間

征稿截止時間：2013年6月10日

評選揭曉時間：2013年7月30日前

五、評審委員（排名不分先后）

周兢（華東師范大學(xué)學(xué)前教育與特殊教育學(xué)院）、華愛華（華東師范大學(xué)學(xué)前教育與特殊教育學(xué)院）、霍力巖（北京師范大學(xué)教育學(xué)部）、顧榮芳（南京師范大學(xué)教育科學(xué)學(xué)院）、劉曉東（南京師范大學(xué)教育科學(xué)學(xué)院）、秦金亮（浙江師范大學(xué)杭州幼兒師范學(xué)院）、劉云艷（西南大學(xué)學(xué)前教育系）、劉明遠（江蘇省教育科學(xué)研究院）、鄭健成（福建兒童發(fā)展職業(yè)學(xué)院）、周世華（黑龍江幼兒師范高等專科學(xué)校學(xué)前教育系）。

六、活動組織

1.評選范圍：全國高校學(xué)前（幼兒）教育專業(yè)2013年應(yīng)屆畢業(yè)生獨立或合作撰寫的畢業(yè)論文。

2.論文分組：分設(shè)大專生、本科生、研究生（含碩士生、博士生）三個組。

3.論文推薦：大專、本科生參評畢業(yè)論文由所在院校（系）集體推薦。推薦數(shù)量：大專生控制在本院校（系）當年畢業(yè)生總數(shù)的15%以內(nèi)，本科生控制在20%以內(nèi)。每篇參評論文均應(yīng)附上兩位具有高級職稱指導(dǎo)教師或論文答辯委員會成員的評語。研究生推薦名額不限，由導(dǎo)師推薦并寫出評語。所有參評論文均一式一份并附上作者本人學(xué)生證復(fù)印件，于2013年6月10日前（以當?shù)剜]戳為準）寄至杭州市文三路求智巷3號《幼兒教育·教育科學(xué)》編輯室（郵編310012）。參評者同時登錄《幼兒教育》雜志官方網(wǎng)站“幼兒教育網(wǎng)http：//”，根據(jù)網(wǎng)站指示注冊并上傳參評論文的電子文檔。

七、評選和獎勵

1.特邀全國各高校學(xué)前（幼兒）教育專業(yè)學(xué)科帶頭人組成論文評選委員會，以無記名投票方式分組評選，按一定比例評出各組優(yōu)秀論文。

2.由主辦單位頒發(fā)獲獎證書。

3.獲獎結(jié)果將在2013年9月《幼兒教育·教育科學(xué)》雜志及其官方網(wǎng)站“幼兒教育網(wǎng)http：//”上公布，部分優(yōu)秀論文將選登在《幼兒教育·教育科學(xué)》上。

4.獲獎作者編入“中國幼教招聘網(wǎng)http：//高級人才庫”向全國各用人單位重點推薦。

八、重要說明

篇(3)

關(guān)鍵詞：畢業(yè)設(shè)計；網(wǎng)站制作；課題；答辯

畢業(yè)設(shè)計是在教學(xué)過程的最后階段采用的一種總結(jié)性的實踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)。通過畢業(yè)設(shè)計，能使學(xué)生綜合應(yīng)用所學(xué)的各種理論知識和技能，進行全面、系統(tǒng)、嚴格的技術(shù)及基本能力的訓(xùn)練。通常，僅對大專以上學(xué)校要求在畢業(yè)前根據(jù)專業(yè)的不同進行畢業(yè)設(shè)計。計算機類畢業(yè)生通過兩年半學(xué)習，具有一定的專業(yè)理論知識和本專業(yè)應(yīng)有的實際動手能力，但在畢業(yè)設(shè)計過程中選擇有一定意義的課題，怎樣收集、歸納對本課題有用的資料，如何設(shè)計出可行的網(wǎng)站，對他們而言都是新問題，也是難點。指導(dǎo)教師在畢業(yè)設(shè)計的每個階段引導(dǎo)、啟發(fā)和帶領(lǐng)學(xué)生是至關(guān)重要的，可使他們少走彎路，建立自信心，直到順利地完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計。

一、畢業(yè)設(shè)計前的準備

由于本次畢業(yè)設(shè)計是大專學(xué)生教學(xué)的最后一個關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)，且時間僅為12～15周，為保證畢業(yè)設(shè)計質(zhì)量，必須做好畢業(yè)設(shè)計前的準備工作。為此在畢業(yè)設(shè)計前就要準備好畢業(yè)設(shè)計任務(wù)書并詳細制訂出指導(dǎo)計劃。包括畢業(yè)設(shè)計要求、課題選擇范圍、分組情況、設(shè)計目的要求及進程計劃等。本課題“網(wǎng)站制作”設(shè)計基本要求為：

1.以組為單元進行設(shè)計

2.組員討論，確定此方向的選題類型

3.根據(jù)選題類型，先用Photoshop設(shè)計出一個主頁框架

4.第14周上交作品，第15周完成論文撰寫、修改、答辯

指導(dǎo)教師先把設(shè)計選題范圍提前發(fā)給學(xué)生，讓學(xué)生通過組員討論，確定制作網(wǎng)站的類型，提醒他們在設(shè)計作品的過程中就注意收集資料、補學(xué)新知識并考慮有關(guān)問題，為畢業(yè)論文的撰寫做好充分準備。指導(dǎo)教師對題目的各種設(shè)計方案和學(xué)習設(shè)計過程中可能遇到的問題也做好充分的準備。

二、課題選擇階段

課題選擇在畢業(yè)設(shè)計中是極其重要的，是畢業(yè)設(shè)計能否正常開展的決定因素，也是能否培養(yǎng)學(xué)生各項能力的先決條件。若把過時或者高尖端的產(chǎn)品當做畢業(yè)設(shè)計課題，往往與實際脫節(jié)，而學(xué)生設(shè)計完成后也難以應(yīng)用于工程實際中；若由學(xué)生自行選題，難以把握課題的難度和方向，如果選擇的課題偏離本專業(yè)知識，指導(dǎo)教師難以幫助學(xué)生解決問題。因此，指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)幫助學(xué)生選好課題。

1.把握課題的難度

選用課題偏離本專業(yè)知識，范圍過專過窄，則難以完成或不能取得階段結(jié)果，指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)選難度適中課題，能針對學(xué)生學(xué)過的專業(yè)課程，讓學(xué)生有發(fā)揮的基礎(chǔ)。選用“網(wǎng)站制作”課題，難度中等，貼近主要專業(yè)課，學(xué)生也可從中選擇自己喜歡的類別進行網(wǎng)站設(shè)計。

2.確定課題的實用價值和創(chuàng)新程度

網(wǎng)站的實用價值體現(xiàn)在宣傳效果顯著，易于人與人之間的相互交互和學(xué)習，如，教育、購物、電子商務(wù)平臺等凡是需要宣傳的均用到它。

創(chuàng)新程度體現(xiàn)在網(wǎng)站設(shè)計方式多種多樣，給學(xué)生留有較大的拓展空間。如，采用ASP、JSP腳本語言；可制作成靜態(tài)網(wǎng)站，也可制作成動態(tài)網(wǎng)站；還可在網(wǎng)站需要的部位加入特效代碼等。

3.了解課題需用的制作工具和成本

若制作工具，作品是無法實現(xiàn)的，為此擬訂課題的時候應(yīng)考慮可能用到的工具來源，同時應(yīng)考慮課題成本是否符合學(xué)生的經(jīng)濟能力。在擬定課題前，應(yīng)對實習所用的場地進行考查，檢查設(shè)計所用工具、軟件是否符合畢業(yè)設(shè)計要求。我們本次使用的制作工具有計算機和Dreamweaver軟件。

三、資料收集階段

在資料收集方面，紛繁的資料使學(xué)生往往難理出頭緒，或是找到的資料不能在設(shè)計中應(yīng)用。例如：在資料收集前，就有學(xué)生上網(wǎng)找出大量圖片，但實際上能應(yīng)用的沒有幾張。指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進行有效的收集資料，鍛煉學(xué)生高效獲取有用信息的能力。

1.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生根據(jù)網(wǎng)站風格收集資料

確定網(wǎng)站的風格非常重要，這就要求學(xué)生一開始應(yīng)該先確定網(wǎng)站的風格和總體布局，分成的版塊有哪些，最后，由學(xué)生用Photoshop先將首頁框架和版面風格設(shè)計出來，然后學(xué)生再根據(jù)所需的版塊收集材料。

2.引導(dǎo)學(xué)生歸納資料

引導(dǎo)學(xué)生進行資料歸納。面對著下載的幾百張圖片，如果不按版塊進行分類存放，更難以為后面設(shè)計所用。筆者采取小組討論的方式，根據(jù)網(wǎng)站設(shè)計的版塊，對組內(nèi)的每位成員分配任務(wù)，這樣學(xué)生學(xué)會了目標明確的收集方法，并把這一方法應(yīng)用到以后的設(shè)計過程中。

四、網(wǎng)站制作階段

網(wǎng)站制作階段是畢業(yè)設(shè)計過程中的重難點。如何著手去設(shè)計并富有創(chuàng)意，又要顧及各個子頁之間的相互協(xié)調(diào)性等等，這些需要指導(dǎo)教師適時引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理清設(shè)計的思路，啟發(fā)學(xué)生靈活應(yīng)用所學(xué)的知識，發(fā)揮他們的創(chuàng)新能力和動手能力，解決設(shè)計中遇到的問題，讓他們少走彎路，順利地進行畢業(yè)設(shè)計。

五、論文撰寫

畢業(yè)設(shè)計最終的成果要通過論文表現(xiàn)出來，它的好壞直接反映畢業(yè)設(shè)計的好壞。因此，做好論文是非常關(guān)鍵的。作為計算機應(yīng)用技術(shù)專業(yè)的畢業(yè)論文，其專業(yè)性較強，因此，寫好論文需注意要結(jié)合一定的計算機理論知識，做到實踐與理論（下轉(zhuǎn)第170版）（上接第169版）結(jié)合，這樣，你的論文中的實踐工作才有基礎(chǔ)，才為人接受，其結(jié)果也才會正確可行。

總之，畢業(yè)設(shè)計是一項實踐性強、較復(fù)雜的教學(xué)過程，教師應(yīng)不斷提高自身素質(zhì)，充實和豐富專業(yè)知識、專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)課知識，學(xué)習新知識、新技術(shù)，關(guān)注本學(xué)科及相關(guān)學(xué)科的科研發(fā)展動態(tài)，有愛崗敬業(yè)的精神，認真、負責、耐心、熱情的工作態(tài)度，做好每個工作細節(jié)，努力提高畢業(yè)設(shè)計教學(xué)質(zhì)量。

參考文獻：

［1］房萍．談如何做好高職學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)［J］.遼寧高職學(xué)報，2004.

［2］胡穎．高職學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯的組織與管理［J］.遼寧高職學(xué)報，2004.

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有部分學(xué)生不清楚畢業(yè)論文的書寫方法，教師在指導(dǎo)的過程中感到很吃力，特別是論文格式上的修改，往往會發(fā)生學(xué)生多次修改論文也無法完全滿足格式要求的情況，對于教師來說要完全規(guī)范學(xué)生的論文格式也很困難。根據(jù)開放教育以及計算機專業(yè)的特點，筆者開發(fā)了一個畢業(yè)設(shè)計在線指導(dǎo)平臺。該指導(dǎo)平臺主要是以指導(dǎo)教師和學(xué)生作為服務(wù)對象，不僅包括了畢業(yè)論文的在線指導(dǎo)，還包括課題的設(shè)計指導(dǎo)平臺和論文寫作平臺。

系統(tǒng)實現(xiàn)的技術(shù)方案

畢業(yè)設(shè)計在線指導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)采用了B/S架構(gòu)，學(xué)生、指導(dǎo)教師使用瀏覽器通過Internet向畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)平臺提交請求、接收反饋結(jié)果，客戶端不需要安裝額外的客戶端應(yīng)用程序。畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)平臺部署在學(xué)校內(nèi)部的一臺服務(wù)器上，服務(wù)器包括網(wǎng)站服務(wù)器和數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器，其中網(wǎng)站服務(wù)器用來處理所有的用戶提交請求，數(shù)據(jù)庫服務(wù)器存儲和處理相關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)。該系統(tǒng)是在VisualStudio2008平臺上進行開發(fā)的，采用和C#語言為前臺開發(fā)語言，采用SQLServer2005作為后臺數(shù)據(jù)庫。下面將介紹該系統(tǒng)的主要功能以及數(shù)據(jù)庫的設(shè)計。

系統(tǒng)的主要功能

本系統(tǒng)一共分為四大功能模塊

1用戶管理模塊

本系統(tǒng)主要有三類用戶：管理員，指導(dǎo)教師和學(xué)生。管理員的管理權(quán)限主要是進行用戶管理，針對兩類用戶，指導(dǎo)教師和學(xué)生。系統(tǒng)提供教師和學(xué)生的注冊平臺，教師和學(xué)生注冊成功后，由管理員進行認證，認證通過后，教師和學(xué)生就可以登陸該平臺，進行相應(yīng)的操作了。

2畢業(yè)課題設(shè)計輔導(dǎo)功能模塊

主要是針對學(xué)生的專業(yè)基礎(chǔ)知識部分進行復(fù)習和鞏固，在線給出計算機信息系統(tǒng)的案例以及系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的難點解答，方便學(xué)生進行學(xué)習。采用比較形象的視頻演示和文字描述的兩種形式，符合學(xué)生在線學(xué)習的習慣。如圖2所示，該功能模塊針對兩類用戶，對于教師來說，教師需將信息系統(tǒng)案例的文字和視頻信息進行上傳和編輯，本平臺提供教師以網(wǎng)頁和word文檔的形式上傳案例的形式，以流媒體的形式上傳信息系統(tǒng)案例的演示視頻。教師可以實現(xiàn)對上傳的內(nèi)容進行刪除和修改。對于學(xué)生來說，學(xué)生可以通過該平臺學(xué)習計算機信息系統(tǒng)的相關(guān)知識，如完整的信息系統(tǒng)概念和演示，信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的過程演示。既有文字信息也有視頻信息，方便學(xué)生自己在家學(xué)習。通過該功能模塊的設(shè)置，可以幫助學(xué)生補充在課堂上學(xué)習不到的知識，幫助他們建立完整的信息系統(tǒng)開發(fā)思想。

如圖3所示，該功能模塊提供給學(xué)生一個編輯論文的平臺，學(xué)生可以選擇要編輯論文的條目，如摘要，目錄，正文，參考文獻等，然后在對應(yīng)的編輯平臺上進行文本的輸入和修改。論文會根據(jù)教師事先設(shè)置好的論文條目格式自動生成。學(xué)生可以選擇在線編輯，也可以選擇導(dǎo)出為word格式。由教師在后臺設(shè)置好論文編輯的條目和格式。這一功能方便學(xué)生統(tǒng)一論文格式，也方便教師隨時監(jiān)控學(xué)生完成論文的情況。

4師生互動的在線答疑功能模塊

該功能主要是方便學(xué)生和教師之間實現(xiàn)在線互動，由教師設(shè)置好課題組，每個課題組統(tǒng)一在一個討論平臺上，學(xué)生只能在教師分配好的課題組平臺上發(fā)言。學(xué)生可以通過該平臺向教師提問，也可以通過該平臺與同一課題組的同學(xué)進行討論。這一平臺不同于其他畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)只有一個統(tǒng)一的討論平臺，而是以課題組為討論單位，這樣便于教師管理和指導(dǎo)，也利于學(xué)生之間對同一類課題進行交流。

系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫設(shè)計方案

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姓名：xx 專業(yè)：信息管理與信息系統(tǒng) 所屬學(xué)院：經(jīng)濟管理學(xué)院

指導(dǎo)教師姓名： xx 職 稱： 副教授

擬選課題：配送中心倉儲管理信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

開 題 報 告 時 間： 2019 年 3 月 1 日

1、擬選課題國內(nèi)、外的研究動態(tài)、水平、存在問題，與本人實習、社會實踐、調(diào)研的關(guān)系，并附主要參考文獻：

國內(nèi)、外的研究動態(tài)：

全球經(jīng)濟1體化、中國加入世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)已經(jīng)是近在眼前的事情，今后中國企業(yè)不僅要應(yīng)對國內(nèi)同行的激烈競爭，還要同世界經(jīng)濟強家爭奪產(chǎn)品市場。 企業(yè)對IT技術(shù)應(yīng)用的方式與要求，是由其生存環(huán)境決定的，在全球經(jīng)濟1體化、高度競爭、客戶導(dǎo)向、變化迅速、信息化與連通在線化的總體環(huán)境下，企業(yè)IT技術(shù)應(yīng)用，應(yīng)具有如下基本特征：

1。 1 體化：與企業(yè)及其經(jīng)營策略、管理體系開發(fā)建設(shè)1體化。90年代先進企業(yè) IT 應(yīng)用策略，有1個基本的共識，就是“作為競爭工具，營造企業(yè)的競爭優(yōu)勢”，這首先就要求企業(yè)本身，不是簡單將原有的手工的業(yè)務(wù)過程“自動化”，而是以IT技術(shù)來“重規(guī)劃”(Reengineering)企業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)過程乃至業(yè)務(wù)內(nèi)容與方式，重新規(guī)劃客戶及供應(yīng)鏈上各個合作者的關(guān)系，重新規(guī)劃企業(yè)賴以生存的價值鏈體系或價值星系(value constellation)，甚至最終改變行業(yè)格局。

2。 個性化：這不是將舊的運作方式加以保持/翻版的“自動化”，而是前述“創(chuàng)造企業(yè)自身獨特競爭優(yōu)勢”，和適應(yīng)企業(yè)不斷變化要求導(dǎo)致的必然結(jié)果。回顧歷史，我們可以看到，由“自行開發(fā)”到購買大型“通用”商業(yè)化系統(tǒng)，再到這種以企業(yè)的業(yè)務(wù)過程規(guī)劃為基礎(chǔ)的“量身度做”模式，是1次新的里程碑式的躍進。

3。 可變性：不僅是企業(yè)規(guī)模的變化，還包括業(yè)務(wù)內(nèi)容、規(guī)則、伙伴、組織架構(gòu)等隨時隨地迅速變化，這要求IT系統(tǒng)本身，必須是“為變化而建造的”。

4。 開放性：現(xiàn)代IT市場的格局，已從縱向變成橫向分割的分布(葛洛夫，《只有偏執(zhí)狂才能生存》)，Internet及其他通訊技術(shù)的普及，使封閉、獨占的體系失去了生命力。連微軟這樣的霸主，也要改變自己在網(wǎng)絡(luò)操作系統(tǒng)市場上的態(tài)勢，不再稱“殺手”而是共存，曾經(jīng)占據(jù)過絕對優(yōu)勢的Novell，在經(jīng)歷殘酷的競爭和1番躊躇之后，首先接受了這種策略。

對于企業(yè)的內(nèi)部的物流運作系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)化對企業(yè)的發(fā)展意義深遠，特別是在企業(yè)的有效運作，資金的合理高效利用方面。

倉儲管理系統(tǒng)存在的問題：

1。顧客需求越來越多，用戶期望越高大市場正被不斷細分，企業(yè)缺少1個行之有效的持續(xù)開拓更大市場法。

2。企業(yè)與市場(包括分支機構(gòu)、商、經(jīng)銷商)之間的信息傳遞速度慢，總部很難及時了解各地產(chǎn)品銷售、庫存和貨款回收的準確數(shù)據(jù)，影響公司的決策。

3。客戶在想什么，是否有新的需求，對產(chǎn)品有何建議，企業(yè)無法及時得到反饋信息。

4。企業(yè)營銷需要的人、財、物力越來越多，產(chǎn)品的銷售費用逐年增加。

5。部分企業(yè)的各地市場和分支機構(gòu)諸侯割據(jù)，缺少相互協(xié)調(diào)、協(xié)同作戰(zhàn)的有效方法

參考文獻：

1。王為，sql sever 基礎(chǔ) 北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2019

2。王珊，陳紅 數(shù)據(jù)庫系統(tǒng)原理 北京 清華大學(xué)出版社 2019

3。顧義華，超越0點學(xué)網(wǎng)頁制作，北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2019。9

4。王興寶，網(wǎng)頁制作基礎(chǔ)教程，北京：科學(xué)出版社，2019。8

5。石志國，ASP動態(tài)網(wǎng)站編程，北京：清華大學(xué)出版社，2019。3

工作計劃、時間安排：

1-4周，實習并系統(tǒng)學(xué)習相關(guān)語言及畢業(yè)設(shè)計資料的收集。

5-8周，進行設(shè)計前期的可行性分析和畢業(yè)設(shè)計的制作。

9-13周，系統(tǒng)的演示和畢業(yè)論文的撰寫。

14周，畢業(yè)論文的修改和提交。

15周，畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯。

課題的主要內(nèi)容：系統(tǒng)以ASP+數(shù)據(jù)庫為主要制作工具，本著為用戶更好服務(wù)的原則，盡可能完成更加完善的功能。倉庫管理的內(nèi)容就是貨物入庫，出庫和庫存管理，包括實物管理，原始單據(jù)(入庫單和出庫單)管理，臺賬管理和盈虧管理等

課題在理論和應(yīng)用方面的意義：應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的友好的人機交互截面，確保了大量數(shù)據(jù)能夠有條理，并安全的保存，節(jié)省了人力資源的大量勞動力。本系統(tǒng)利用現(xiàn)有的校園網(wǎng)資源，節(jié)省了購買設(shè)備的費用;本系統(tǒng)自行設(shè)計自行開發(fā)，具有很高的性價比;本系統(tǒng)投入使用后，可節(jié)省人力，減輕勞動強度，從而降低了成本，節(jié)省了開支。

課題擬解決的主要問題和完成課題的條件：系統(tǒng)采用asp。net作為應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的前端開發(fā)工具，與后端的SQL Server數(shù)據(jù)庫相連接，能夠提供1個高性能的B/S解決方案。SQL Server是程序員經(jīng)常使用的后端數(shù)據(jù)庫，其發(fā)展歷史悠久，經(jīng)受了人們長時間的考驗，技術(shù)發(fā)展非常成熟。預(yù)計能夠完成期望的目標。

硬件設(shè)備：PC機或微處理器

軟件設(shè)備：Asp。net、SQL Server、WindowsXP/2019

3、指導(dǎo)教師對學(xué)生選題報告的評語：

指導(dǎo)教師簽字： 年 月 日

4、選題報告會評議組意見：

組長(簽字)： 年 月 日

5、學(xué)院審查意見：

主管院長(簽字)： 學(xué)院(公章) 年 月 日

畢業(yè)設(shè)計開題報告

畢業(yè)設(shè)計題目

配送中心倉儲管理信息系統(tǒng)設(shè)計

學(xué)生姓名

xx

指導(dǎo)老師姓名

xx

指導(dǎo)老師職稱

副教授

畢業(yè)設(shè)計內(nèi)容：

本著1切為用戶服務(wù)的原則，和普通意義上的網(wǎng)站1樣，盡可能完成更加完善的功能。倉庫管理的內(nèi)容就是貨物入庫，出庫和庫存管理，包括實物管理，原始單據(jù)(入庫單和出庫單)管理，臺賬管理和盈虧管理等

國內(nèi)外現(xiàn)狀、擬采用的方法及技術(shù)路線：

網(wǎng)站通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)信息，從而為更多用戶提供相關(guān)服務(wù)。

網(wǎng)站供給的日益豐富而迅速崛起隨著中國互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶的增加和國內(nèi)網(wǎng)絡(luò)應(yīng)用環(huán)境的成熟，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)已經(jīng)滲透到人們生活的每1個角落。而隨著社會的快速發(fā)展，網(wǎng)站打破了空間的限制，因此提供面向全國及世界范圍內(nèi)的網(wǎng)站在整個網(wǎng)絡(luò)市場中獲得了越來越大的市場份額。

網(wǎng)站通過Internet在網(wǎng)上建立用戶與企業(yè)交互的平臺，用戶有需求可以在網(wǎng)上得到解決，使雙方迅速找到自己所需要的信息。通過本網(wǎng)站，可有效地解決用戶和企業(yè)之間的需求和供給問題。系統(tǒng)利用asp。net ，sql sever設(shè)計。在系統(tǒng)中采用模塊化設(shè)計方法，使之易于維護和管理，實現(xiàn)網(wǎng)站的基本功能。

工作計劃、時間安排：

1-4周，實習并系統(tǒng)學(xué)習相關(guān)語言及畢業(yè)設(shè)計資料的收集。

5-8周，進行設(shè)計前期的可行性分析和畢業(yè)設(shè)計的制作。

9-13周，系統(tǒng)的演示和畢業(yè)論文的撰寫。

14周，畢業(yè)論文的修改和提交。

15周，畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯

教研室意見

主任簽字： 年 月 日

篇(6)

在本論文的寫作過程中，我的導(dǎo)師xxx老師傾注了大量的心血，從選題到開題報告，從寫作提綱，到一遍又一遍地指出每稿中的具體問題，嚴格把關(guān)，循循善誘，在此我表示衷心感謝。

同時我還要感謝在我學(xué)習期間給我極大關(guān)心和支持的各位老師以及關(guān)心我的同學(xué)和朋友。

寫作畢業(yè)論文是一次再系統(tǒng)學(xué)習的過程，畢業(yè)論文的完成，同樣也意味著新的學(xué)習生活的開始。

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感謝馮·諾依曼先生。是他整出了世界上的第一臺計算機，才使得我們這些后人鳥槍換炮，由“剪刀加糨糊”的“學(xué)術(shù)土匪”晉級為“鼠標加剪貼板”的“學(xué)術(shù)海盜”。計算機，將我們從枯燥的書本中解救了出來，我們無須再在圖書館里東尋西覓，只要一敲鍵盤，我們就能方便快捷地搞定所需的一切。計算機，是我們寫論文的制勝法寶，是我們寫論文的大功臣。因此，他是我所應(yīng)感謝的第一人。

感謝比爾·蓋茨先生。他以大無畏的革命主義精神、英雄主義精神和犧牲主義精神毅然從哈佛輟學(xué)。他發(fā)明了windows操作系統(tǒng)，創(chuàng)立了微軟公司，不遺余力地推動計算機事業(yè)的發(fā)展，將人類的歷史推進到了信息時代，將我們的地球變成了一個小小的村落。在信息的高速路上我們暢通無阻，正是借助了網(wǎng)絡(luò)我們才得以找到了豐富詳實的論文、資料。可以說，比爾·蓋茨先生以他的輟學(xué)換來了我們數(shù)以千萬計中國大學(xué)生的畢業(yè)。

感謝百度和Google公司。他們的搜索功能強大、快捷又免費。在這里，我敢說，我們每一位寫論文的同學(xué)，沒有一位不曾借助過它們。那些日子，我們啟動電腦后打開的第一個網(wǎng)頁一定是它們中的一個。是它們讓我們很方便地搜索到了我們所需要的“論文材料”，國內(nèi)的、國外的，中文的、外文的。正是靠著這些“論文材料”，我們才得以順利完成我們的“百衲衣”論文。更感謝Google公司增設(shè)了翻譯功能，它的翻譯不僅正確率高而且功能強大，一次便可翻譯一整篇論文。我們的外文文獻，全賴于此。

感謝那些免費的站。雖說這些網(wǎng)站都是些不起眼的小網(wǎng)站，可正是它們無償?shù)叵蛭覀兲峁┝舜罅康恼撐乃{本，保證了貧窮的我們也能得到所需要的論文。這可以說是一種“想人之所想，急人之所急”的人道主義精神。在這里，我殷切地呼吁那些收費的站，能夠向它們學(xué)習，端正服務(wù)態(tài)度，放下架子解放思想，變收費為免費，更好的為人民服務(wù)。

感謝我的導(dǎo)師。他放下神圣的師道尊嚴，以朋友的身份告訴我怎樣完成這篇論文。他告訴我如何搜集資料；他告訴我如何快捷地找到相關(guān)論文；他告訴我哪個學(xué)校的網(wǎng)站有本專業(yè)的碩士、博士論文；他指導(dǎo)我如何利用手頭上的論文取舍嫁接整合。本論文的完成，離不開他的悉心指導(dǎo)和孜孜不倦地教誨。

感謝負責答辯的老師。在我也不明白所寫為何物的情況下，他們只問了我兩個問題——都知道寫的是什么嗎？知道；參考文獻都看了么？看了——后便讓我通過了答辯。他們是如此和藹可親，他們是如此善解人意，他們是如此偉大而平易近人。

感謝那些與我朝夕相處了四年的同學(xué)。這些日子，他們和我一塊努力奮斗共進共退，相互鼓勵相互扶持，你幫我找我?guī)湍阏遥ネㄓ袩o，及時溝通，以免出現(xiàn)論文撞車事件。我們是如此的團結(jié)友愛，從未出現(xiàn)過“五十步笑百步”的現(xiàn)象，我們總是相互開導(dǎo)著：天下文章一大抄，不抄白不抄，抄了也白抄，白抄誰不抄？不抄大傻冒!正是在這樣的相互激勵下，我那抄公的羞恥感也便見了上帝，而我的論文也得以完成并順利通過。

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大學(xué)三年學(xué)習時光已經(jīng)接近尾聲，在此我想對我的母校，我的父母，親人們，我的老師和同學(xué)們表達我由衷的謝意。感謝我的家人對我大學(xué)三年學(xué)習的默默支持；感謝我的母校桂林師專給了我在大學(xué)三年深造的機會，讓我能繼續(xù)學(xué)習和提高；感謝桂林師專的老師和同學(xué)們?nèi)陙淼年P(guān)心和鼓勵。老師們課堂上的激情洋溢，課堂下的諄諄教誨；同學(xué)們在學(xué)習中的認真熱情，生活上的熱心主動，所有這些都讓我的三年充滿了感動。這次畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計我得到了很多老師和同學(xué)的幫助，其中我的論文指導(dǎo)老師黃志敏老師對我的關(guān)心和支持尤為重要。每次遇到難題，我最先做的就是向黃老師尋求幫助，而黃老師每次不管忙或閑，總會抽空來找我面談，然后一起商量解決的辦法。

篇(7)

地方本科院校多由地方上的師專升格而來，本科辦學(xué)時間短，肩負著培養(yǎng)大量適應(yīng)地方經(jīng)濟、文化建設(shè)所急需的高級人才的重任，通常多為傳統(tǒng)的教學(xué)型高校。在這種高校里，理工科，特別是應(yīng)用性、實踐性、創(chuàng)新性要求均較高的計算機類專業(yè)的畢業(yè)設(shè)計問題較為集中，主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾方面：⑴師資力量欠缺地方高校是我國高校擴招的主力軍，常年的擴招，攤薄了原本就非常有限的教師力量。對于計算機類專業(yè)，重點高校培養(yǎng)的博士畢業(yè)生原本是地方高校師資的重要補充來源，但是由于這類專業(yè)應(yīng)用性強，本就為數(shù)不多的高素質(zhì)的博士畢業(yè)生經(jīng)常早早被各地的高新技術(shù)企業(yè)、跨國公司高薪聘去，真正愿意到科研條件較為欠缺的地方高校任教的十分稀少。師資補充不上來，就直接導(dǎo)致了地方高校計算機專業(yè)師生比常年不達標。更為關(guān)鍵的是，不少地方高校對教師的科研提出了很高的要求，高校教師的職稱晉升、評優(yōu)評先主要的考核指標就是科研業(yè)績，這種政策導(dǎo)向直接影響了教學(xué)工作的開展，畢業(yè)設(shè)計這種費時費力且難出成效的實踐教學(xué)工作對于高校教師們而言就形同雞肋，難以引起重視并提升其指導(dǎo)質(zhì)量。⑵校內(nèi)實踐教學(xué)資源不足，經(jīng)費短缺地方院校由于辦學(xué)時間較短、底子薄、投入不足，可供學(xué)生展開實踐教學(xué)的儀器設(shè)備、場所通常都難以滿足要求，而有限的資源又經(jīng)常優(yōu)先提供給基礎(chǔ)性專業(yè)課、必修課的實踐教學(xué)使用。經(jīng)費投入不足也是制約教學(xué)質(zhì)量的主要因素，以我院為例，學(xué)院撥付給工科類學(xué)生每人160元的畢業(yè)設(shè)計實驗經(jīng)費，連補充最基本的實驗耗材都不夠，為了出成果只能將經(jīng)費集中于少部分尖子生使用，從另外一個角度上說則損害了大部分學(xué)生的利益，影響了教育的公平性。學(xué)生在畢業(yè)論文階段得不到有效的訓(xùn)練，其畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量可想而知。⑶與學(xué)生就業(yè)時間沖突，學(xué)生投入不足通常本科計算機類專業(yè)的畢業(yè)設(shè)計安排在大學(xué)四年的最后一個學(xué)期，這段時間正是公務(wù)員考試、考研、教師招聘考試、企事業(yè)單位招聘的關(guān)鍵時期。大四學(xué)生面對嚴峻的升學(xué)與就業(yè)壓力，不得不奔忙于各類考試與各地的招聘會之間。甚至，不少企業(yè)不顧及學(xué)生學(xué)業(yè)，要求簽約學(xué)生立即到崗上班。升學(xué)、就業(yè)與畢業(yè)設(shè)計在時間上出現(xiàn)了沖突和矛盾，學(xué)生大多只能順從于就業(yè)壓力，無法把主要精力集中于學(xué)習上，⑷部分畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題脫離研發(fā)實際畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題的科學(xué)性、新穎性、實用性關(guān)乎畢業(yè)設(shè)計質(zhì)量的高低。傳統(tǒng)上，畢業(yè)設(shè)計的指導(dǎo)教師以高校專任教師為主，選題的范圍則以教師的科研項目或教研項目為主，選題常缺少工程背景，脫離研發(fā)實際，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生對畢業(yè)設(shè)計興趣驟減，敷衍了事。也有部分學(xué)生擅長利用政策，在選題時下足功夫，往往選取那些相對簡單，容易完成的課題，如課程教學(xué)網(wǎng)站、學(xué)籍管理系統(tǒng)、圖書管理系統(tǒng)等。從技術(shù)角度上看來，這些課題實現(xiàn)方法基本一致，在許多網(wǎng)站、教科書、畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)手冊上都有類似的源碼，甚至提供幾近現(xiàn)成的論文，學(xué)生只要變更一下界面或?qū)?shù)據(jù)庫結(jié)構(gòu)稍作調(diào)整，改頭換面即可稱之為自己的系統(tǒng)、自己的論文，提交上來，對這部分學(xué)生由于其論文也基本符合要求，真奈何其不得。⑸論文審查不嚴，易被學(xué)生鉆空子通常本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計最終成果往往反映在畢業(yè)論文上，而本科生的畢業(yè)論文一般不需要被送入學(xué)位論文學(xué)術(shù)不端行為檢測系統(tǒng)中進行“”，常以校內(nèi)專家評審做為最終評價手段。這種純?nèi)斯さ脑u價手法易被學(xué)生鉆空子，少部分學(xué)風不夠端正的學(xué)生到了畢業(yè)前夕，往往出盡招數(shù)以求畢業(yè)論文順利過關(guān)，常將學(xué)術(shù)期刊網(wǎng)站上的碩士論文下載后稍加修改即呈交上來，或直接通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)購買畢業(yè)設(shè)計和論文。采用人工的評價手段稍不留神就讓他們渾水摸魚獲得通過，最終造成惡劣影響。

2“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式的指導(dǎo)方式

“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式主要通過理論和實踐教學(xué)兩條途徑，在充分考慮企業(yè)需求前提下，以提高學(xué)生的工程素養(yǎng)、鞏固學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)、培育創(chuàng)新能力為基本目的，由高校、企業(yè)、學(xué)生三方面共同研究，明確畢業(yè)設(shè)計的課題，確定研究內(nèi)容和研究方法[7]。在畢業(yè)設(shè)計實施的具體過程中，由高校和企業(yè)聯(lián)合派出導(dǎo)師，由高校教師承擔對學(xué)生的理論指導(dǎo)，由研發(fā)一線的工程師在企業(yè)中進行實踐指導(dǎo)。畢業(yè)設(shè)計后期，可聘請企業(yè)中經(jīng)驗豐富的高職稱工程師或工程技術(shù)部門主要負責人與校內(nèi)教師一起共同組成畢業(yè)設(shè)計答辯考評小組，共同對學(xué)生的畢業(yè)設(shè)計實施書面評價、答辯、評定成績等畢業(yè)設(shè)計的質(zhì)量審查。

3“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式的的關(guān)鍵點

3.1做好選題工作

恰當?shù)倪x題是提高畢業(yè)設(shè)計質(zhì)量的關(guān)鍵，能直接體現(xiàn)出地方院校人才培養(yǎng)的特色。“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合的畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題要求密切聯(lián)系生產(chǎn)和研發(fā)實際，有工程應(yīng)用的背景和工程的實際內(nèi)涵，確保其具備較強的實用性。此外，選題還應(yīng)具有一定的深度，保證有足夠的工作量，在某些方面還應(yīng)體現(xiàn)出創(chuàng)新的成分。因此，在選題時要盡量做到以下幾方面的具體要求：⑴畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題應(yīng)與服務(wù)地方的人才培養(yǎng)定位充分結(jié)合地方性本科院校是以培養(yǎng)高素質(zhì)的應(yīng)用型人才和服務(wù)地方經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的為主要辦學(xué)方針的高校。我院所處的廣東省近十年來軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)一日千里、欣欣向榮，業(yè)已成為全國行業(yè)的龍頭老大。2011年統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)表明，廣東省共有軟件企業(yè)3136家，占全國的13.7%，全年實現(xiàn)軟件業(yè)務(wù)收入3122億元，占全國的16.9%。其中軟件產(chǎn)品收入1203億元，信息系統(tǒng)集成服務(wù)收入471.3億元，信息技術(shù)咨詢服務(wù)收入140.1億元，數(shù)據(jù)處理和運營服務(wù)收入583.8億元，嵌入式系統(tǒng)軟件收入663.9億元，IC設(shè)計收入60.2億元。我院所處的惠州地區(qū)正處于廣東省軟件產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的核心地帶，因此我院計算機系的畢業(yè)設(shè)計在選題上就充分考慮了人才培養(yǎng)的定位，以嵌入式軟件設(shè)計、大型數(shù)據(jù)處理與運營、創(chuàng)意文化支撐技術(shù)等方向為主，為人才培養(yǎng)設(shè)定了明確的目標。⑵畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題應(yīng)與地方企業(yè)研發(fā)實際充分結(jié)合地方院校的計算機工科專業(yè)是為了滿足適應(yīng)地方信息產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的高級應(yīng)用型人才，其是否具有較強的創(chuàng)新能力和工程實踐能力是決定著人才能否快速適應(yīng)地方信息技術(shù)產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的實際需求。因此畢業(yè)設(shè)計的選題應(yīng)密切結(jié)合地方信息產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的趨勢，與地方企業(yè)密切聯(lián)系、共同協(xié)商、共擬課題，真題真做。由于課題貼近實際、應(yīng)用性突出，學(xué)生們往往更容易地激發(fā)學(xué)習興趣，在解決工程問題的過程中切實增強學(xué)生的實踐能力。同時，與地方企業(yè)研發(fā)充分結(jié)合還有利于高校教師隊伍的建設(shè)，加強教師們服務(wù)地方經(jīng)濟的意識，增進服務(wù)地方的能力。⑶畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題應(yīng)與學(xué)生就業(yè)充分結(jié)合利用“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合的畢業(yè)設(shè)計模式可讓學(xué)生到有就業(yè)意向的企業(yè)中完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計的課題，直接接觸到今后工作中需要面對的研發(fā)項目。這樣學(xué)生往往會將之視為證明自己能力和價值的一次機會，激發(fā)出了極大的工作熱情，有助于高質(zhì)量地完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計。同時，在此過程中學(xué)生也提前適應(yīng)了工作崗位，完成了崗前培訓(xùn)，能更快地適應(yīng)工作崗位，也為企業(yè)節(jié)省了培訓(xùn)新員工的費用與時間。⑷畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題應(yīng)反映學(xué)科發(fā)展的前沿畢業(yè)設(shè)計也是學(xué)生在走向社會之前對學(xué)科發(fā)展前沿的一次眺望。因此在畢業(yè)設(shè)計的選題上，應(yīng)以能使學(xué)生盡可能多地接觸國內(nèi)外行業(yè)應(yīng)用和發(fā)展的最新理論、最新技術(shù)、最新應(yīng)用，如云技術(shù)、量子計算、網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息融合與知識服務(wù)等，可在畢業(yè)設(shè)計選題中適度安排這些體現(xiàn)學(xué)科先進性的內(nèi)容，以期學(xué)生在畢業(yè)后能盡快融入到企業(yè)的發(fā)展中。

3.2強化過程管理

對畢業(yè)設(shè)計過程有效地管理是“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式能否成功的關(guān)鍵。為此我院專門制定有《惠州學(xué)院本科生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）工作規(guī)定》，在此基礎(chǔ)上還補充制定了與企業(yè)研發(fā)密切相關(guān)的具體措施，如教育并嚴格要求學(xué)生對接觸到的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、源代碼、項目文檔等履行保密義務(wù)，保障校企雙方的利益都不受損害。在確定課題后，各系部組織學(xué)生與校內(nèi)導(dǎo)師、企業(yè)導(dǎo)師見面，在校企雙方面導(dǎo)師的共同指導(dǎo)下向?qū)W生詳細介紹課題的內(nèi)容、要求和任務(wù)，并要求學(xué)生按照規(guī)定完成查新、外文文獻閱讀、撰寫開題報告、制定研發(fā)計劃和工作進度，設(shè)定預(yù)期目標，確定最終的結(jié)果形式等工作。學(xué)生在企業(yè)完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計期間，還加強了對學(xué)生考勤的檢查，規(guī)定學(xué)生必須按照實習單位的作息制度上下班，如遇特殊情況確需請假，應(yīng)同時報告校內(nèi)導(dǎo)師和企業(yè)導(dǎo)師，在取得他們同意后方可離開。我院還強化對校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)教師的管理。校內(nèi)導(dǎo)師要與學(xué)生定期聯(lián)系、在畢業(yè)設(shè)計開題、中期檢查；定稿前、答辯前均需召集學(xué)生開會，檢查畢業(yè)設(shè)計完成情況，收集學(xué)生意見，答疑解惑；每周不少于2次指導(dǎo)學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）。考慮到此時學(xué)生大多身處企業(yè)，不在校內(nèi)，可利用電話、網(wǎng)絡(luò)（如電子郵件、QQ在線交流、網(wǎng)絡(luò)論壇、微博）等方式遠程指導(dǎo)，校內(nèi)導(dǎo)師還定期訪問學(xué)生所在企業(yè)，與企業(yè)導(dǎo)師保持密切聯(lián)系，協(xié)助校外導(dǎo)師做好學(xué)生的日常管理，及時了解學(xué)生的工作進展、生活情況、甚至心理與情感困惑等。為保證設(shè)計及畢業(yè)論文都到達規(guī)范要求，我院專門制訂有《惠州學(xué)院畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計）撰寫規(guī)范》，對畢業(yè)論文的形式做出了十分具體的要求。畢業(yè)論文送審前均需由校內(nèi)導(dǎo)師對論文進行形式審查，審核諸如論文各項內(nèi)容是否齊全，格式是否規(guī)范等，確保形式符合要求。為提高畢業(yè)設(shè)計質(zhì)量，教務(wù)處每年還從各系部評選出來的優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）中遴選出最優(yōu)秀的典范畢業(yè)論文，編印成冊，下發(fā)至畢業(yè)班級中，以這些畢業(yè)論文為示范樣本，鼓勵學(xué)生高質(zhì)量完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）。我院還做好畢業(yè)設(shè)計的檔案管理工作，規(guī)定在畢業(yè)設(shè)計完成前需提交畢業(yè)論文審批表、任務(wù)書、開題報告、查新報告、指導(dǎo)記錄、外文閱讀文獻目錄、論文文本、各類不的源代碼、需求分析報告、項目總結(jié)報告等十二種材料，紙版文檔與電子版文檔均需同時提交，雙備份，對于電子文檔需長期保存。

3.3適度調(diào)整考核標準與程序

“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式下指導(dǎo)的畢業(yè)設(shè)計有其特殊性，因此最終的考核——畢業(yè)論文評審、畢業(yè)論文答辯——也應(yīng)有別于在校內(nèi)完成的傳統(tǒng)學(xué)術(shù)型論文，在評價上需結(jié)合實際并適度傾斜。首先在選題的評價方面應(yīng)首先考察學(xué)生選題的新穎性、實用性，對于密切結(jié)合研發(fā)的具有較大實用價值且是研發(fā)過程中的重點或難點的選題，應(yīng)該給予肯定；在畢業(yè)設(shè)計工作完成情況的評價上，應(yīng)該充分考慮學(xué)生的工作量，并對于畢業(yè)設(shè)計的原創(chuàng)性、真實性予以認真的考察，即畢業(yè)設(shè)計必須是學(xué)生親自動手解決的研發(fā)過程中的若干具體問題；評審人的構(gòu)成方面，可聘請企業(yè)中經(jīng)驗豐富的研發(fā)工程師、項目經(jīng)理等人員與校內(nèi)專家一起組成考評小組，企業(yè)專家的參與將增強評判的客觀性、公正性，也將強化學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文中實用性的評價；學(xué)生畢業(yè)設(shè)計的考核也應(yīng)包含團隊協(xié)作能力的評價，在企業(yè)進行研發(fā)工作，如完成一個軟件項目，本身就是一個團隊作戰(zhàn)的過程，學(xué)生的溝通能力、表達能力、組織協(xié)調(diào)能力也應(yīng)該進行考察，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生重視團隊協(xié)作；最后，畢業(yè)設(shè)計的成果形式也不應(yīng)僅局限于畢業(yè)論文，可將學(xué)生在“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”過程中實際參與或完成的智力成果都納入評價范圍，如公開發(fā)表的學(xué)術(shù)論文、計算機軟件登記、各類發(fā)明與實用新型專利、工程設(shè)計報告、項目需求分析報告等。

4“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式的實踐

惠州學(xué)院計算機科學(xué)系從2004年成立起就一直非常重視與惠州市及周邊地區(qū)的企業(yè)開展“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合。主動與旭日集團電腦部、用友軟件有限公司等當?shù)厥嗉襂T企業(yè)輸送實習生，充分利用以往積累下來的資源。從2005年起，每年都組織學(xué)生到上述企業(yè)開展畢業(yè)論文、生產(chǎn)實習等實踐教學(xué)，共同開展協(xié)同創(chuàng)新。在校內(nèi)指導(dǎo)教師與企業(yè)工程師的雙重指導(dǎo)下，通過“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計，并初具成效。從客觀數(shù)據(jù)上分析，參加“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式的學(xué)生其畢業(yè)設(shè)計成績得分較高，且易取得突出成果。以2005級為例，該年級學(xué)生在企業(yè)完成畢業(yè)設(shè)計的共計有30余人，占畢業(yè)生總數(shù)的近20%，其中9人的畢業(yè)設(shè)計被評為“優(yōu)等”，2人的畢業(yè)論文獲選校級優(yōu)秀畢業(yè)論文。從學(xué)生主觀感受上看，學(xué)生直接到企業(yè)參與企業(yè)的研發(fā)課題，也提升了學(xué)生的學(xué)習積極性和主動性，使其自信心陡增，對學(xué)習的滿意率也有大幅提高，這一點可從畢業(yè)論文的“評教”得分上得以體現(xiàn)。我系對參加“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式進行畢業(yè)設(shè)計的學(xué)生展開了調(diào)研，匯總“評教”得分，將其與不參加“產(chǎn)學(xué)研”結(jié)合模式的學(xué)生的“評教”的得分進行了對比，具體情況如表1。

5結(jié)論